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In online advertising under the cost-per-conversion (CPA) model, accurate conversion rate (CVR) prediction is crucial. A major challenge is delayed feedback, where conversions may occur long after user interactions, leading to incomplete…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Chenlu Ding , Jiancan Wu , Yancheng Yuan , Cunchun Li , Xiang Wang , Dingxian Wang , Frank Yang , Andrew Rabinovich

In display advertising, predicting the conversion rate, that is, the probability that a user takes a predefined action on an advertiser's website, such as purchasing goods is fundamental in estimating the value of displaying the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-07 Shota Yasui , Gota Morishita , Komei Fujita , Masashi Shibata

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction is one of the most critical tasks for digital display advertising. Commercial systems often require to update models in an online learning manner to catch up with the evolving data distribution. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Jia-Qi Yang , Xiang Li , Shuguang Han , Tao Zhuang , De-Chuan Zhan , Xiaoyi Zeng , Bin Tong

Predicting conversion rate (e.g., the probability that a user will purchase an item) is a fundamental problem in machine learning based recommender systems. However, accurate conversion labels are revealed after a long delay, which harms…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Jia-Qi Yang , De-Chuan Zhan

Delayed feedback poses a core challenge for online CVR prediction, forcing a trade-off between label accuracy and data freshness. Existing methods address this through delay modeling or sample reweighting, yet neglect how post-click…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Xinyue Zhang , Yuanhao Ding , Xiang Ao

In online advertising, it is highly important to predict the probability and the value of a conversion (e.g., a purchase). It not only impacts user experience by showing relevant ads, but also affects ROI of advertisers and revenue of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Hui Gao , Yihan Yang

Predicting delayed outcomes is an important problem in recommender systems (e.g., if customers will finish reading an ebook). We formalize the problem as an adversarial, delayed online learning problem and consider how a proxy for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Timothy A. Mann , Sven Gowal , András György , Ray Jiang , Huiyi Hu , Balaji Lakshminarayanan , Prav Srinivasan

Predicting the expected value or number of post-click conversions (purchases or other events) is a key task in performance-based digital advertising. In training a conversion optimizer model, one of the most crucial aspects is handling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Ashwinkumar Badanidiyuru , Andrew Evdokimov , Vinodh Krishnan , Pan Li , Wynn Vonnegut , Jayden Wang

Prophet inequalities compare online stopping strategies against an omniscient "prophet" using distributional knowledge. In this work, we augment this model with a conservative prediction of the maximum realized value. We quantify the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Johannes Brüstle , Ilan Reuven Cohen , Stefano Leonardi

One of the difficulties of conversion rate (CVR) prediction is that the conversions can delay and take place long after the clicks. The delayed feedback poses a challenge: fresh data are beneficial to continuous training but may not have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Siyu Gu , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Ying Fan , Guorui Zhou , Xiaoqiang Zhu

To increase brand awareness, many advertisers conclude contracts with advertising platforms to purchase traffic and then deliver advertisements to target audiences. In a whole delivery period, advertisers usually desire a certain impression…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Penghui Wei , Yongqiang Chen , Shaoguo Liu , Liang Wang , Bo Zheng

We revisit multi-agent asynchronous online optimization with delays, where only one of the agents becomes active for making the decision at each round, and the corresponding feedback is received by all the agents after unknown delays.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Lingchan Bao , Tong Wei , Yuanyu Wan

Online advertising revenues account for an increasing share of publishers' revenue streams, especially for small and medium-sized publishers who depend on the advertisement networks of tech companies such as Google and Facebook. Thus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-18 Max Würfel , Qiwei Han , Maximilian Kaiser

Optimizing conversions is crucial in modern online advertising systems, enabling advertisers to deliver relevant products to users and drive business outcomes. However, accurately predicting conversion events remains challenging due to…

Prophet inequalities are fundamental optimal stopping problems, where a decision-maker observes sequentially items with values sampled independently from known distributions, and must decide at each new observation to either stop and gain…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Ziyad Benomar , Dorian Baudry , Vianney Perchet

The goal of online display advertising is to entice users to "convert" (i.e., take a pre-defined action such as making a purchase) after clicking on the ad. An important measure of the value of an ad is the probability of conversion. The…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-25 Abdollah Safari , Rachel MacKay Altman , Thomas M. Loughin

Time series forecasting is of significant importance across various domains. However, it faces significant challenges due to distribution shift. This issue becomes particularly pronounced in online deployment scenarios where data arrives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Xiannan Huang , Shuhan Qiu , Jiayuan Du , Chao Yang

One of the challenges in display advertising is that the distribution of features and click through rate (CTR) can exhibit large shifts over time due to seasonality, changes to ad campaigns and other factors. The predominant strategy to…

We study the problem of predicting the results of computations that are too expensive to run, via the observation of the results of smaller computations. We model this as an online learning problem with delayed feedback, where the length of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-09-08 Scott Garrabrant , Nate Soares , Jessica Taylor

Most of the literature on online algorithms in revenue management focuses on settings with irrevocable decisions, where once a decision is made upon the arrival of a new input, it cannot be canceled later. Motivated by modern applications…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Farbod Ekbatani , Rad Niazadeh , Pranav Nuti , Jan Vondrak
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