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In some experiments and applications there is need for large-area photosensitive detectors to operate at cryogenic temperatures. Nowadays, vacuum PMs are usually used for this purpose. We have developed special designs of planar…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2009-11-11 L. Periale , V. Peskov , C. Iacobaeus , B. Lund-Jensen , P. Pavlopoulos , P. Picchi , F. Pietropaolo

Current generation neutrino telescopes cover an energy range from about 10 GeV to beyond $10^9$ GeV. IceCube sets the scale for future experiments to make improvements. Strategies for future upgrades will be discussed in three energy…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 Albrecht Karle

IceCube is a 1 km$^3$ neutrino detector now being built at the South Pole. Its 4800 optical modules will detect Cherenkov radiation from charged particles produced in neutrino interactions. IceCube will search for neutrinos of astrophysical…

Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-13 Spencer R. Klein

Hyper-Kamiokande, the next generation large water Cherenkov detector in Japan, is planning to use approximately 80,000 20-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). They are one of the major cost factors of the experiment. We propose a novel…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2017-12-06 Carsten Rott , Seongjin In , Fabrice Retière , Peter Gumplinger

A systematic survey and subsequent research have been made on MoTe2-based n-CdS/p-MoTe2/p+-CGS device in solar cell and photodetector field. The optimization has been established by altering the various properties of each constituent layer…

The planned IceCube-Gen2 radio neutrino detector at the South Pole will enhance the detection of cosmic ultra-high-energy neutrinos. It is crucial to utilize the available time until construction to optimize the detector design. A fully…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-10 Philipp Pilar , Martin Ravn , Christian Glaser , Niklas Wahlström

The next-generation liquid xenon experiments like PandaX-xT target an energy range from sub-keV to multi-MeV to address the requirement of multiple physics searches. The Hamamatsu R12699-406-M4 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) were developed…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-01-21 Houqi Huang , Peiyuan Chen , Ke Han , Yang Liu , Guanbo Wang , Shaobo Wang , Weihao Wu , Binbin Yan , Peihua Ye , Jiaxu Zhou , Zhizhen Zhou

The IceCube collaboration has built an in-ice neutrino telescope and a surface detector array, IceTop, at the South Pole. Over 5000 digital optical modules have been deployed in a cubic kilometer of ice between 1450 and 2450 m below the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-13 James Madsen

The Hamamatsu R11410 and R8520 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are designed for applications in dark matter detectors using liquid xenon, featuring excellent sensitivity to VUV light and stable operability at cryogenic temperatures. For eleven…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-05-24 L. Baudis , S. D'Amato , G. Kessler , A. Kish , J. Wulf

The PandaX project consists of a series of xenon-based experiments that are used to search for dark matter (DM) particles and to study the fundamental properties of neutrinos. The next DM experiment PandaX-4T will be using 4 ton liquid…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-12-15 Qibin Zheng , Yanlin Huang , Di Huang , Jianglai Liu , Xiangxiang Ren , Anqing Wang , Meng Wang , Jijun Yang , Binbin Yan , Yong Yang

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory instruments about 1 km$^3$ of deep, glacial ice at the geographic South Pole using 5160 photomultipliers to detect Cherenkov light of charged relativistic particles. Most of IceCube's science goals rely…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-07-20 Martin Rongen , Dmitry Chirkin

High-energy neutrinos are uniquely suited to study a large variety of physics as they traverse the universe almost untouched, in contrast to conventional astronomical messengers like photons or cosmic rays which are limited by interactions…

Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-14 Carsten Rott

For the high luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider to start operation around 2026, a major upgrade of the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) is in preparation. Thanks to their low power dissipation and high charge-collection efficiency after…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2018-11-14 Julien-Christopher Beyer , Alessandro La Rosa , Anna Macchiolo , Richard Nisius , Natascha Savic , Reem Taibah

Future large water Cherenkov and scintillator detectors have been proposed for measurements of long baseline neutrino oscillations, proton decay, supernova and solar neutrinos. To ensure cost-effectiveness and optimize scientific reach, one…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2013-03-20 J. Brack , B. Delgado , J. Dhooghe , J. Felde , B. Gookin , S. Grullon , J. R. Klein , R. Knapik , A. LaTorre , S. Seibert , K. Shapiro , R. Svoboda , L. Ware , R. Van Berg

A Compton camera is the most promising approach for gamma-ray detection in the energy region from several hundred keV to MeV, especially for application in high energy astrophysics. In order to obtain good angular resolution, semiconductor…

Thermal tuning of the optical refractive index in the waveguides to control light phase accumulation is essential in photonic integrated systems and applications. In silicon photonics, microheaters are mainly realized by metal wires or…

Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are essential in xenon detectors like PandaX, LZ, and XENON experiments for dark matter searches and neutrino properties measurement. To minimize PMT-induced backgrounds, stringent requirements on PMT…

IceCube is a cubic kilometer neutrino telescope under construction at the South Pole, a successor to the first-generation AMANDA telescope. IceCube is now three quarters complete, with completion expected in early 2011, and data taken with…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 T. DeYoung

IceCube is a 1 km^3 neutrino detector now being built at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. It consists of 4800 Digital Optical Modules (DOMs) which detect Cherenkov radiation from the charged particles produced in neutrino…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2019-08-13 Spencer R. Klein

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory deployed 5160 digital optical modules (DOMs) on 86 cables, called strings, in a cubic kilometer of deep glacial ice below the geographic South Pole. These record the Cherenkov light of passing charged…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-08-11 Matti Janson , Saskia Philippen , Martin Rongen