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De novo molecule generation allows the search for more drug-like hits across a vast chemical space. However, lead optimization is still required, and the process of optimizing molecular structures faces the challenge of balancing structural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jiebin Fang , Churu Mao , Yuchen Zhu , Xiaoming Chen , Chang-Yu Hsieh , Zhongjun Ma

Learning to Optimize (L2O) enhances optimization efficiency with integrated neural networks. L2O paradigms achieve great outcomes, e.g., refitting optimizer, generating unseen solutions iteratively or directly. However, conventional L2O…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Mingjia Shi , Ruihan Lin , Xuxi Chen , Yuhao Zhou , Zezhen Ding , Pingzhi Li , Tong Wang , Kai Wang , Zhangyang Wang , Jiheng Zhang , Tianlong Chen

Accurate prediction of drug-target interactions (DTI) is crucial for drug discovery. Recently, deep learning (DL) models for show promising performance for DTI prediction. However, these models can be difficult to use for both computer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-11 Kexin Huang , Tianfan Fu , Lucas Glass , Marinka Zitnik , Cao Xiao , Jimeng Sun

Deep Learning (DL) has become a crucial technology for Artificial Intelligence (AI). It is a powerful technique to automatically extract high-level features from complex data which can be exploited for applications such as computer vision,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Gael Kamdem De Teyou

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been transforming the practice of drug discovery in the past decade. Various AI techniques have been used in a wide range of applications, such as virtual screening and drug design. In this survey, we first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Jianyuan Deng , Zhibo Yang , Iwao Ojima , Dimitris Samaras , Fusheng Wang

As Deep Learning (DL) is continuously adopted in many safety critical applications, its quality and reliability start to raise concerns. Similar to the traditional software development process, testing the DL software to uncover its defects…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-07 David Berend

Learning to optimize (L2O) is an emerging approach that leverages machine learning to develop optimization methods, aiming at reducing the laborious iterations of hand engineering. It automates the design of an optimization method based on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-07-05 Tianlong Chen , Xiaohan Chen , Wuyang Chen , Howard Heaton , Jialin Liu , Zhangyang Wang , Wotao Yin

Drug discovery seeks molecules (ligands) that bind strongly and selectively to a target protein. However, fewer than 5% of candidate ligands pass the bar for even the early stages of drug discovery. Furthermore, we want methods that work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Rahul Nandakumar , Ben Fauber , Deepayan Chakrabarti

Deep Metric Learning (DML) provides a crucial tool for visual similarity and zero-shot applications by learning generalizing embedding spaces, although recent work in DML has shown strong performance saturation across training objectives.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Karsten Roth , Timo Milbich , Björn Ommer , Joseph Paul Cohen , Marzyeh Ghassemi

The drug development process is a critical challenge in the pharmaceutical industry due to its time-consuming nature and the need to discover new drug potentials to address various ailments. The initial step in drug development, drug target…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-17 Hezha O. Rasul , Dlzar D. Ghafour , Bakhtyar K. Aziz , Bryar A. Hassan , Tarik A. Rashid , Arif Kivrak

In the era of AI-driven science and engineering, we often want to design discrete objects in silico according to user-specified properties. For example, we may wish to design a protein to bind its target, arrange components within a circuit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 James C. Bowden , Sergey Levine , Jennifer Listgarten

Molecular optimization in drug discovery aims to discover molecules with improved target properties, but practical lead optimization often requires more than high predicted scores. A useful candidate should also be actionable: it should be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yang Qiao , Bo Pan , Hao-Wei Pang , Peter Zhiping Zhang , Liying Zhang , Liang Zhao

Gradient-based optimization has been critical to the success of machine learning, updating a single set of parameters to minimize a single loss. A growing number of applications rely on a generalization of this, where we have a bilevel or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jonathan Lorraine

Optimal experimental design approaches are seldom used in pre-clinical drug discovery. Main reasons for this lack of use are that available software tools require relatively high insight in optimal design theory, and that the…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2015-05-26 Yasunori Aoki , Monika Sundqvist , Andrew C. Hooker , Peter Gennemark

In silico drug-target interaction (DTI) prediction is an important and challenging problem in biomedical research with a huge potential benefit to the pharmaceutical industry and patients. Most existing methods for DTI prediction including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Qingyuan Feng , Evgenia Dueva , Artem Cherkasov , Martin Ester

Decision making algorithms are used in a multitude of different applications. Conventional approaches for designing decision algorithms employ principled and simplified modelling, based on which one can determine decisions via tractable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-23 Nir Shlezinger , Yonina C. Eldar , Stephen P. Boyd

The optimal design of compounds through manipulating properties at the molecular level is often the key to considerable scientific advances and improved process systems performance. This paper highlights key trends, challenges, and…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2020-07-13 Abdulelah S. Alshehri , Rafiqul Gani , Fengqi You

Antibody therapeutics has been extensively studied in drug discovery and development within the past decades. One increasingly popular focus in the antibody discovery pipeline is the optimization step for therapeutic leads. Both traditional…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-08-16 Yue Kang , Dawei Leng , Jinjiang Guo , Lurong Pan

Deep-Learning(DL) applications have been widely employed to assist in various tasks. They are constructed based on a data-driven programming paradigm that is different from conventional software applications. Given the increasing popularity…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-10-09 Xufan Zhang , Yilin Yang , Yang Feng , Zhenyu Chen

Machine learning methods have been used to accelerate the molecule optimization process. However, efficient search for optimized molecules satisfying several properties with scarce labeled data remains a challenge for machine learning…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-12-20 Xin Xia , Yansen Su , Chunhou Zheng , Xiangxiang Zeng