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Code writing is repetitive and predictable, inspiring us to develop various code intelligence techniques. This survey focuses on code search, that is, to retrieve code that matches a given query by effectively capturing the semantic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Yutao Xie , Jiayi Lin , Hande Dong , Lei Zhang , Zhonghai Wu

Gender stereotypes in introductory programming courses often go unnoticed, yet they can negatively influence young learners' interest and learning, particularly under-represented groups such as girls. Popular tutorials on block-based…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Isabella Graßl , Benedikt Fein , Gordon Fraser

Testing of deep learning models is challenging due to the excessive number and complexity of computations involved. As a result, test data selection is performed manually and in an ad hoc way. This raises the question of how we can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-01 Wei Ma , Mike Papadakis , Anestis Tsakmalis , Maxime Cordy , Yves Le Traon

Modern software systems heavily rely on third-party dependencies, making software supply chain security a critical concern. We introduce the concept of software supply chain smells as structural indicators that signal potential security…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Larissa Schmid , Diogo Gaspar , Raphina Liu , Sofia Bobadilla , Benoit Baudry , Martin Monperrus

Over the past few years, deep learning methods have been applied for a wide range of Software Engineering (SE) tasks, including in particular for the important task of automatically predicting and localizing faults in software. With the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Adil Mukhtar , Dietmar Jannach , Franz Wotawa

Context: Code smells are considered symptoms of poor design, leading to future problems, such as reduced maintainability. Except for anecdotal cases (e. g. code dropout), a code smell survives until it gets explicitly refactored or removed.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Américo Rio , Fernando Brito e Abreu

In this paper, we present a tertiary systematic literature review of previous surveys, secondary systematic literature reviews, and systematic mappings. We identify the main observations (what we know) and challenges (what we do not know)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Guilherme Lacerda , Fabio Petrillo , Marcelo Pimenta , Yann Gael Gueheneuc

Code cloning, the duplication of code fragments, is common in software development. While some reuse aids productivity, excessive cloning hurts maintainability and introduces bugs. Hence, automatic code clone detection is vital. Meanwhile,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Shihan Dou , Junjie Shan , Haoxiang Jia , Wenhao Deng , Zhiheng Xi , Wei He , Yueming Wu , Tao Gui , Yang Liu , Xuanjing Huang

The issue of clone code has persisted in software engineering, primarily because developers often copy and paste code segments. This common practice has elevated the importance of clone code detection, garnering attention from both software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-12 QiHong Chen , Lianghao Jiang , Iftekhar Ahmed

Java remains one of the most popular programming languages in education. Although Java programming education is well supported by study materials, learners also need more immediate support on the problems they face in their own code. When…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Philipp Straubinger , Florian Obermüller , Gordon Fraser

Recent years have seen the successful application of deep learning to software engineering (SE). In particular, the development and use of pre-trained models of source code has enabled state-of-the-art results to be achieved on a wide…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Changan Niu , Chuanyi Li , Bin Luo , Vincent Ng

Modern software relies on a multitude of automated testing and quality assurance tools to prevent errors, bugs and potential vulnerabilities. This study sets out to provide a head-to-head, quantitative and qualitative evaluation of six…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Damian Gnieciak , Tomasz Szandala

To ensure the quality of a software system, developers perform an activity known as unit testing, where they write code (known as test cases) that verifies the individual software units that make up the system. Like production code, test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Wajdi Aljedaani , Mohamed Wiem Mkaouer , Anthony Peruma , Stephanie Ludi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are one of the most promising developments in the field of artificial intelligence, and the software engineering community has readily noticed their potential role in the software development life-cycle.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Greta Dolcetti , Vincenzo Arceri , Eleonora Iotti , Sergio Maffeis , Agostino Cortesi , Enea Zaffanella

As one of the most popular dynamic languages, Python experiences a decrease in readability and maintainability when code smells are present. Recent advancements in Large Language Models have sparked growing interest in AI-enabled tools for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Beiqi Zhang , Peng Liang , Qiong Feng , Yujia Fu , Zengyang Li

Automated code smell detection faces persistent challenges due to the subjectivity of heuristic rules and the limited performance of traditional ML/DL models. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising alternative, their adoption…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Beiqi Zhang , Peng Liang , Xin Zhou , Xiyu Zhou , David Lo , Qiong Feng , Zengyang Li , Lin Li

Cloud-based software-as-a-service (SaaS) have gained popularity due to their low cost and elasticity. However, like other software, SaaS applications suffer from code smells, which can drastically affect functionality and resource usage.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Asif Imran , Tevfik Kosar

Machine learning models trained on code and related artifacts offer valuable support for software maintenance but suffer from interpretability issues due to their complex internal variables. These concerns are particularly significant in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Vahid Majdinasab , Amin Nikanjam , Foutse Khomh

Data-driven software engineering processes, such as vulnerability prediction heavily rely on the quality of the data used. In this paper, we observe that it is infeasible to obtain a noise-free security defect dataset in practice. Despite…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Roland Croft , M. Ali Babar , Huaming Chen

Regression testing is an important phase to deliver software with quality. However, flaky tests hamper the evaluation of test results and can increase costs. This is because a flaky test may pass or fail non-deterministically and to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-15 B. H. P. Camara , M. A. G. Silva , A. T. Endo , S. R. Vergilio