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This study addresses the challenge of detecting code smells in large-scale software systems using machine learning (ML). Traditional detection methods often suffer from low accuracy and poor generalization across different datasets. To…

High data quality is fundamental for today's AI-based systems. However, although data quality has been an object of research for decades, there is a clear lack of research on potential data quality issues (e.g., ambiguous, extraneous…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Harald Foidl , Michael Felderer , Rudolf Ramler

Simulation modelling systems are routinely used to test or understand real-world scenarios in a controlled setting. They have found numerous applications in scientific research, engineering, and industrial operations. Due to their complex…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Riasat Mahbub , Mohammad Masudur Rahman , Muhammad Ahsanul Habib

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into software systems for diverse purposes, due to their versatility, flexibility, and ability to simulate human reasoning to some extent. However, poor integration of LLM inference…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Zacharie Chenail-Larcher , Brahim Mahmoudi , Naouel Moha , Quentin Stiévenart , Florent Avellaneda

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are pervasive in the current computer science landscape. Yet, there still exists a lack of software engineering experience and best practices in this field. One such best practice,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Bart van Oort , Luís Cruz , Maurício Aniche , Arie van Deursen

Test smells, similar to code smells, can negatively impact both the test code and the production code being tested. Despite extensive research on test smells in languages like Java, Scala, and Python, automated tools for detecting test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Partha P. Paul , Md Tonoy Akanda , M. Raihan Ullah , Dipto Mondal , Nazia S. Chowdhury , Fazle M. Tawsif

Nowadays, we are witnessing an increasing adoption of Deep Learning (DL) based software systems in many industries. Designing a DL program requires constructing a deep neural network (DNN) and then training it on a dataset. This process…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Amin Nikanjam , Foutse Khomh

Context: Test smells are symptoms of sub-optimal design choices adopted when developing test cases. Previous studies have proved their harmfulness for test code maintainability and effectiveness. Therefore, researchers have been proposing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Valeria Pontillo , Dario Amoroso d'Aragona , Fabiano Pecorelli , Dario Di Nucci , Filomena Ferrucci , Fabio Palomba

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have accelerated their adoption in software engineering contexts. However, concerns persist about the structural quality of the code they produce. In particular, LLMs often replicate poor…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Alejandro Velasco , Daniel Rodriguez-Cardenas , Dipin Khati , David N. Palacio , Luftar Rahman Alif , Denys Poshyvanyk

Code smells indicate software design problems that harm software quality. Data-intensive systems that frequently access databases often suffer from SQL code smells besides the traditional smells. While there have been extensive studies on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-10 Biruk Asmare Muse , Mohammad Masudur Rahman , Csaba Nagy , Anthony Cleve , Foutse Khomh , Giuliano Antoniol

To reduce technical debt and make code more maintainable, it is important to be able to warn programmers about code smells. State-of-the-art code small detectors use deep learners, without much exploration of alternatives within that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Rahul Yedida , Tim Menzies

Bad smells have been defined to describe potential problems in code, possibly pointing out refactoring opportunities. Several empirical studies have highlighted that smells have a negative impact on comprehension and maintainability.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Elder Vicente de Paulo Sobrinho , Marcelo de Almeida Maia

While a substantial body of prior research has investigated the form and nature of production code, comparatively little attention has examined characteristics of test code, and, in particular, test smells in that code. In this paper, we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Amjed Tahir , Steve Counsell , Stephen G. MacDonell

Logging plays a central role in ensuring reproducibility, observability, and reliability in machine learning (ML) systems. While logging is generally considered a good engineering practice, poorly designed logging can negatively affect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Patrick Loic Foalem , Leuson Da Silva , Foutse Khomh , Heng Li , Ettore Merlo

Software defect prediction is an important aspect of preventive maintenance of a software. Many techniques have been employed to improve software quality through defect prediction. This paper introduces an approach of defect prediction…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-03-09 Junaid Ali Reshi , Satwinder Singh

Context: Security is vital to software developed for commercial or personal use. Although more organizations are realizing the importance of applying secure coding practices, in many of them, security concerns are not known or addressed…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Kazi Zakia Sultana , Zadia Codabux , Byron Williams

Code review that detects and locates defects and other quality issues plays an important role in software quality control. One type of issue that may impact the quality of software is code smells. Yet, little is known about the extent to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Xiaofeng Han , Amjed Tahir , Peng Liang , Steve Counsell , Kelly Blincoe , Bing Li , Yajing Luo

Building on the computer science concept of code smells, we initiate the study of law smells, i.e., patterns in legal texts that pose threats to the comprehensibility and maintainability of the law. With five intuitive law smells as running…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Corinna Coupette , Dirk Hartung , Janis Beckedorf , Maximilian Böther , Daniel Martin Katz

Code comments are important in software development because they directly influence software maintainability and overall quality. Bad practices of code comments lead to code comment smells, negatively impacting software maintenance. Recent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Ipek Oztas , U Boran Torun , Eray Tüzün

The common use case of code smells assumes causality: Identify a smell, remove it, and by doing so improve the code. We empirically investigate their fitness to this use. We present a list of properties that code smells should have if they…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Idan Amit , Nili Ben Ezra , Dror G. Feitelson