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Beyond the success story of adversarial training (AT) in the recent text domain on top of pre-trained language models (PLMs), our empirical study showcases the inconsistent gains from AT on some tasks, e.g. commonsense reasoning, named…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Hongqiu Wu , Yongxiang Liu , Hanwen Shi , Hai Zhao , Min Zhang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) diagnoses students' concept mastery through continuous learning state monitoring in education.Existing methods primarily focus on studying behavioral sequences based on ID or textual information.While existing methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Xingcheng Fu , Shengpeng Wang , Yisen Gao , Xianxian Li , Chunpei Li , Qingyun Sun , Dongran Yu

Estimating student proficiency is an important task for computer based learning systems. We compare a family of IRT-based proficiency estimation methods to Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), a recently proposed recurrent neural network model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-24 Kevin H. Wilson , Yan Karklin , Bojian Han , Chaitanya Ekanadham

Knowledge tracing (KT) models are commonly evaluated by training on early interactions from all students and testing on later responses. While effective for measuring average predictive performance, this evaluation design obscures a cold…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Indronil Bhattacharjee , Christabel Wayllace

The fact that deep neural networks are susceptible to crafted perturbations severely impacts the use of deep learning in certain domains of application. Among many developed defense models against such attacks, adversarial training emerges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Anh Bui , Trung Le , He Zhao , Paul Montague , Olivier deVel , Tamas Abraham , Dinh Phung

As an important technique for modeling the knowledge states of learners, the traditional knowledge tracing (KT) models have been widely used to support intelligent tutoring systems and MOOC platforms. Driven by the fast advancements of deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-14 Yu Lu , Deliang Wang , Qinggang Meng , Penghe Chen

A longstanding goal in computational educational research is to develop explainable knowledge tracing (KT) models. Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), which leverages a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to predict student knowledge and performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Kevin Hong , Kia Karbasi , Gregory Pottie

Neural Networks (NNs) are vulnerable to adversarial examples. Such inputs differ only slightly from their benign counterparts yet provoke misclassifications of the attacked NNs. The required perturbations to craft the examples are often…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Philip Sperl , Konstantin Böttinger

Meta-learning model can quickly adapt to new tasks using few-shot labeled data. However, despite achieving good generalization on few-shot classification tasks, it is still challenging to improve the adversarial robustness of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Fan Liu , Shuyu Zhao , Xuelong Dai , Bin Xiao

Knowledge Tracing (KT), which aims to model student knowledge level and predict their performance, is one of the most important applications of user modeling. Modern KT approaches model and maintain an up-to-date state of student knowledge…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Chunpai Wang , Shaghayegh Sahebi , Siqian Zhao , Peter Brusilovsky , Laura O. Moraes

Personalized recommendation is a key feature of intelligent tutoring systems, typically relying on accurate models of student knowledge. Knowledge Tracing (KT) models enable this by estimating a student's mastery based on their historical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yahya Badran , Christine Preisach

Knowledge tracing (KT) supports personalized learning by modeling how students' knowledge states evolve over time. However, most KT models emphasize mastery of discrete knowledge components, limiting their ability to characterize broader…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Zhifeng Wang , Yaowei Dong , Chunyan Zeng

The vulnerability of deep neural networks (DNNs) to adversarial attack, which is an attack that can mislead state-of-the-art classifiers into making an incorrect classification with high confidence by deliberately perturbing the original…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Lina Wang , Rui Tang , Yawei Yue , Xingshu Chen , Wei Wang , Yi Zhu , Xuemei Zeng

With the increasing amount of available data and advances in computing capabilities, deep neural networks (DNNs) have been successfully employed to solve challenging tasks in various areas, including healthcare, climate, and finance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Marcele O. K. Mendonça , Javier Maroto , Pascal Frossard , Paulo S. R. Diniz

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a fundamental task in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), which aims to model the dynamic knowledge states of students based on their interaction histories. However, existing KT models often rely on a global…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Han Liao , Shuaishuai Zu

With the recent surge in personalized learning, Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) that can accurately track students' individual knowledge states and provide tailored learning paths based on this information are in demand as an essential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Wonbeen Lee , Channyoung Lee , Junho Sohn , Hansam Cho

Neural network compression has recently received much attention due to the computational requirements of modern deep models. In this work, our objective is to transfer knowledge from a deep and accurate model to a smaller one. Our…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Vasileios Belagiannis , Azade Farshad , Fabio Galasso

Deep network compression has been achieved notable progress via knowledge distillation, where a teacher-student learning manner is adopted by using predetermined loss. Recently, more focuses have been transferred to employ the adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-26 Shu Changyong , Li Peng , Xie Yuan , Qu Yanyun , Dai Longquan , Ma Lizhuang

Adversarial training (AT) has been demonstrated to be effective in improving model robustness by leveraging adversarial examples for training. However, most AT methods are in face of expensive time and computational cost for calculating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Xiaojun Jia , Yong Zhang , Baoyuan Wu , Jue Wang , Xiaochun Cao

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to model student's knowledge state and predict future performance to enable personalized learning in Intelligent Tutoring Systems. However, traditional KT methods face fundamental limitations in explainability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Jungyang Park , Suho Kang , Jaewoo Park , Jaehong Kim , Jaewoo Shin , Seonjoon Park , Youngjae Yu