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Ambulance Diversion (AD) is one of the possible strategies for relieving the worldwide phenomenon of Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding. It can be carried out when an ED is overloaded and consists of redirecting incoming by ambulance…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-06 Christian Piermarini , Massimo Roma

Accurate modeling of the patient flow within an Emergency Department (ED) is required by all studies dealing with the increasing and well-known problem of overcrowding. Since Discrete Event Simulation (DES) models are often adopted with the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-02 A. De Santis , T. Giovannelli , S. Lucidi , M. Messedaglia , M. Roma

Emergency Departments (EDs) overcrowding is a well recognized worldwide phenomenon. The consequences range from long waiting times for visits and treatment of patients up to life-threatening health conditions. The international community is…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-02-01 G. Fava , T. Giovannelli , M. Messedaglia , M. Roma

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in the United States and similar systems typically utilize a single treatment pathway, transporting all patients to emergency departments (EDs), regardless of their actual care needs or preferences. Recent…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-25 Eric G. Stratman , Justin J. Boutilier , Laura A. Albert

Emergency department (ED) overcrowding and patient boarding represent critical systemic challenges that compromise care quality. We propose a threshold-based admission policy that redirects non-urgent patients to alternative care pathways,…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Sahba Baniasadi , Paul M. Griffin , Prakash Chakraborty

The objective of Emergency Medical Services (EMSs) is to promptly respond to calls from citizens for first aid, providing pre-hospital care and, if necessary, to transfer patients to an appropriate Emergency Department (ED) by ambulance.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Alberto De Santis , Stefania Iannazzo , Fabio Ingravalle , Stefano Lucidi , Massimo Maurici , Giulia Riccardi , Massimo Roma , Antonio Vinci

This paper focuses on the study of a practical management problem faced by a healthcare {\it emergency department} (ED) located in the north of Italy. The objective of our study was to propose organisational changes in the selected ED,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Arthur Kramer , Clio Dosi , Manuel Iori , Matteo Vignoli

Problem definition: Emergency department (ED) boarding refers to the practice of holding patients in the ED after they have been admitted to hospital wards, usually resulting from insufficient inpatient resources. Boarded patients may…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-17 Shasha Han , Shuangchi He , Hong Choon Oh

Emergency department (ED) crowding has been an increasing problem worldwide. Prior research has identified factors that contribute to ED crowding. However, the relationships between these remain incompletely understood. This study's…

Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding continues to be a public health issue as well as a patient safety issue. The underlying factors leading to ED crowding are numerous, varied, and complex. Although lack of in-hospital beds is frequently…

Overcrowding in emergency departments (ED) remains a persistent operational challenge worldwide, causing delays in care delivery and downstream congestion. ED boarding time, defined as the duration admitted patients remain in the ED while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Orhun Vural , Abdulaziz Ahmed , Ferhat Zengul , James Booth , Bunyamin Ozaydin

Over the past several years, across the globe, there has been an increase in people seeking care in emergency departments (EDs). ED resources, including nurse staffing, are strained by such increases in patient volume. Accurate forecasting…

This work develops a methodology for studying the effect of an offload zone on the ambulance ramping problem using a multi-server, multi-class non-preemptive priority queueing model that can be treated analytically. A prototype model for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-01 Josef Zuk , David Kirszenblat

Emergency departments (ED) face challenges in patient care and resource management. We propose to explore optimization strategies in a realistic and flexible model and develop a hybrid Discrete Event Simulation (DES) and Agent-Based Model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Markus Wenzel , Tobias Strapatsas , Jessika Kress , Dorothea Sauer , Nele Gessler , Horst K. Hahn

In the last fifty years, researchers have developed statistical, data-driven, analytical, and algorithmic approaches for designing and improving emergency response management (ERM) systems. The problem has been noted as inherently difficult…

Modeling the arrival process to an Emergency Department (ED) is the first step of all studies dealing with the patient flow within the ED. Many of them focus on the increasing phenomenon of ED overcrowding, which is afflicting hospitals all…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-01-28 A. De Santis , T. Giovannelli , S. Lucidi , M. Messedaglia , M. Roma

The optimisation in the ambulance dispatching process is significant for patients who need early treatments. However, the problem of dynamic ambulance redeployment for destination hospital selection has rarely been investigated. The paper…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-01-07 Xinyu Fu , Valeria Krzhizhanovskaya , Alexey Yakovlev , Sergey Kovalchuk

Minimizing response times to meet legal requirements and serve patients in a timely manner is crucial for Emergency Medical Service (EMS) systems. Achieving this goal necessitates optimizing operational decision-making to efficiently manage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Maximiliane Rautenstrauß , Maximilian Schiffer

Background/Objectives: Efficient task allocation in hospital emergency departments (EDs) is critical for operational efficiency and patient care quality, yet the complexity of staff coordination poses significant challenges. This study…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zoi Lygizou , Dimitris Kalles

Study Objective: To analyze the factors influencing Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding by examining the impacts of operational, environmental, and external variables, including weather conditions and football games. Methods: This study…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Abdulaziz Ahmed , Khalid Y Aram , Mohammed Alzeen , Orhun Vural , James Booth , Brittany F. Lindsey , Bunyamin Ozaydin
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