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This article studies the intimate relationship between two filtering algorithms for continuous data assimilation, the synchronization filter and the nudging filter, in the paradigmatic context of the two-dimensional (2D) Navier-Stokes…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-12-24 Elizabeth Carlson , Aseel Farhat , Vincent R. Martinez , Collin Victor

The Gray--Scott model governs the interaction of two chemical species via a system of reaction-diffusion equations. Despite its simple form, it produces extremely rich patterns such as spots, stripes, waves, and labyrinths. That makes it…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-07 Tsiry Avisoa Randrianasolo

Data assimilation is a method that combines observations (that is, real world data) of a state of a system with model output for that system in order to improve the estimate of the state of the system and thereby the model output. The model…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-05-18 Melina A. Freitag

In many real-world applications of data assimilation (DA), the strategic placement of observers is crucial for effective and efficient forecasting. Motivated by practical constraints in sensor deployment, we show that global recovery of the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Rui Fang , Ali Pakzad

We study a nonlinear-nudging modification of the Azouani-Olson-Titi continuous data assimilation (downscaling) algorithm for the 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. We give a rigorous proof that the nonlinear-nudging system is…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2023-04-04 Elizabeth Carlson , Adam Larios , Edriss S. Titi

We consider a recently introduced continuous data assimilation (CDA) approach for downscaling a coarse resolution configuration of the 2D Benard convection equations into a finer grid. In this CDA, a nudging term, estimated as the misfit…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-22 M. U. Altaf , E. S. Titi , O. M. Knio , L. Zhao , M. F. McCabe , I. Hoteit

Data assimilation is the process of fusing information from imperfect computer simulations with noisy, sparse measurements of reality to obtain improved estimates of the state or parameters of a dynamical system of interest. The data…

Data assimilation combines (imperfect) knowledge of a flow's physical laws with (noisy, time-lagged, and otherwise imperfect) observations to produce a more accurate prediction of flow statistics. Assimilation by nudging (from 1964), while…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-07-31 Aytekin Çıbık , Rui Fang , William Layton , Farjana Siddiqua

This paper considers the ill-posed data assimilation problem associated with hyperbolic/parabolic systems describing 2D coupled sound and heat flow. Given hypothetical data at time T > 0, that may not correspond to an actual solution of the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-01-28 Alfred S. Carasso

We introduce, analyze and test a new interpolation operator for use with continuous data assimilation (DA) of evolution equations that are discretized spatially with the finite element method. The interpolant is constructed as an…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2018-10-09 Leo G. Rebholz , Camille Zerfas

This paper improves the spectrally-filtered direct-insertion downscaling method for discrete-in-time data assimilation by introducing a relaxation parameter that overcomes a constraint on the observation frequency. Numerical simulations…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Emine Celik , Eric Olson

Data assimilation is the process to fuse information from priors, observations of nature, and numerical models, in order to obtain best estimates of the parameters or state of a physical system of interest. Presence of large errors in some…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-11-06 Vishwas Rao , Adrian Sandu , Michael Ng , Elias Nino-Ruiz

Shape-morphing solutions (also known as evolutional deep neural networks, reduced-order nonlinear solutions, and neural Galerkin schemes) are a new class of methods for approximating the solution of time-dependent partial differential…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-04-08 Zachary T. Hilliard , Mohammad Farazmand

In this paper we survey the various implementations of a new data assimilation (downscaling) algorithm based on spatial coarse mesh measurements. As a paradigm, we demonstrate the application of this algorithm to the 3D Leray-$\alpha$…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2017-02-07 Aseel Farhat , Evelyn Lunasin , Edriss S. Titi

This paper considers continuous data assimilation (CDA) in partial differential equation (PDE) discretizations where nudging parameters can be taken arbitrarily large. We prove that long-time optimally accurate solutions are obtained for…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-08-02 Amanda Diegel , Xuejian Li , Leo G. Rebholz

Continuous data assimilation (CDA) nudges observational data into governing equations to recover the underlying flow and improve predictions. Existing rigorous CDA analyses focus primarily on incompressible flows, yet no physical flow is…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Aytekin Çıbık , Rui Fang

We review an algorithm developed for parameter estimation within the Continuous Data Assimilation (CDA) approach. We present an alternative derivation for the algorithm presented in a paper by Carlson, Hudson, and Larios (CHL, 2021). This…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-11-22 Joshua Newey , Jared P Whitehead , Elizabeth Carlson

A novel method, based on the combination of data assimilation and machine learning is introduced. The new hybrid approach is designed for a two-fold scope: (i) emulating hidden, possibly chaotic, dynamics and (ii) predicting their future…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-27 Julien Brajard , Alberto Carassi , Marc Bocquet , Laurent Bertino

In this paper, we show mathematical justification of the data assimilation of nudging type in $L^p$-$L^q$ maximal regularity settings. We prove that the approximate solution of the primitive equations by data assimilation converges to the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-08-29 Ken Furukawa

We develop an algorithm based on the nudging data assimilation scheme for the concurrent (on-the-fly) estimation of scalar parameters for a system of evolutionary dissipative partial differential equations in which the state is partially…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-06-16 Benjamin Pachev , Jared P. Whitehead , Shane A. McQuarrie