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In this article, we propose a novel algorithm for deep reinforcement learning named Expert Q-learning. Expert Q-learning is inspired by Dueling Q-learning and aims at incorporating semi-supervised learning into reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Li Meng , Anis Yazidi , Morten Goodwin , Paal Engelstad

Despite the great empirical success of deep reinforcement learning, its theoretical foundation is less well understood. In this work, we make the first attempt to theoretically understand the deep Q-network (DQN) algorithm (Mnih et al.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Jianqing Fan , Zhaoran Wang , Yuchen Xie , Zhuoran Yang

The popular Q-learning algorithm is known to overestimate action values under certain conditions. It was not previously known whether, in practice, such overestimations are common, whether they harm performance, and whether they can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-12-10 Hado van Hasselt , Arthur Guez , David Silver

This paper develops a novel control-theoretic framework to analyze the non-asymptotic convergence of Q-learning. We show that the dynamics of asynchronous Q-learning with a constant step-size can be naturally formulated as a discrete-time…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-23 Donghwan Lee , Jianghai Hu , Niao He

Average-reward reinforcement learning offers a principled framework for long-term decision-making by maximizing the mean reward per time step. Although Q-learning is a widely used model-free algorithm with established sample complexity in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-21 Yuchen Jiao , Jiin Woo , Gen Li , Gauri Joshi , Yuejie Chi

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in analyzing the non-asymptotic behavior of model-free reinforcement learning algorithms. However, the performance of such algorithms in non-ideal environments, such as in the presence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Sreejeet Maity , Aritra Mitra

We methodologically address the problem of Q-value overestimation in deep reinforcement learning to handle high-dimensional state spaces efficiently. By adapting concepts from information theory, we introduce an intrinsic penalty signal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-21 Felix Leibfried , Jordi Grau-Moya , Haitham Bou-Ammar

The current paper studies the problem of agnostic $Q$-learning with function approximation in deterministic systems where the optimal $Q$-function is approximable by a function in the class $\mathcal{F}$ with approximation error $\delta \ge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Simon S. Du , Jason D. Lee , Gaurav Mahajan , Ruosong Wang

$Q$-learning is one of the most fundamental reinforcement learning algorithms. It is widely believed that $Q$-learning with linear function approximation (i.e., linear $Q$-learning) suffers from possible divergence until the recent work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xinyu Liu , Zixuan Xie , Shangtong Zhang

We study reinforcement learning in infinite-horizon discounted Markov decision processes with continuous state spaces, where data are generated online from a single trajectory under a Markovian behavior policy. To avoid maintaining an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Shengbo Wang

$Q$-learning is one of the most fundamental reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. Despite its widespread success in various applications, it is prone to overestimation bias in the $Q$-learning update. To address this issue, double…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hyunjun Na , Donghwan Lee

Two of the leading approaches for model-free reinforcement learning are policy gradient methods and $Q$-learning methods. $Q$-learning methods can be effective and sample-efficient when they work, however, it is not well-understood why they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-16 John Schulman , Xi Chen , Pieter Abbeel

Reinforcement learning algorithms often require finiteness of state and action spaces in Markov decision processes (MDPs) (also called controlled Markov chains) and various efforts have been made in the literature towards the applicability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Ali Devran Kara , Naci Saldi , Serdar Yüksel

$Q$-learning with function approximation is one of the most empirically successful while theoretically mysterious reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, and was identified in Sutton (1999) as one of the most important theoretical open…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Zaiwei Chen , John Paul Clarke , Siva Theja Maguluri

Q-Learning is a fundamental off-policy reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm that has the objective of approximating action-value functions in order to learn optimal policies. Nonetheless, it has difficulties in reconciling bias with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Mahammad Humayoo

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can learn complex policies to optimize agent operation over time. RL algorithms have shown promising results in solving complicated problems in recent years. However, their application on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Hamed Khorasgani , Haiyan Wang , Chetan Gupta , Susumu Serita

In this paper, we formalize the almost sure convergence of $Q$-learning and linear temporal difference (TD) learning with Markovian samples using the Lean 4 theorem prover based on the Mathlib library. $Q$-learning and linear TD are among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Shangtong Zhang

Despite the empirical success of the deep Q network (DQN) reinforcement learning algorithm and its variants, DQN is still not well understood and it does not guarantee convergence. In this work, we show that DQN can indeed diverge and cease…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Zhikang T. Wang , Masahito Ueda

This paper presents a review of the field of reinforcement learning (RL), with a focus on providing a comprehensive overview of the key concepts, techniques, and algorithms for beginners. RL has a unique setting, jargon, and mathematics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Mohamed-Amine Chadi , Hajar Mousannif

Temporal-difference and Q-learning play a key role in deep reinforcement learning, where they are empowered by expressive nonlinear function approximators such as neural networks. At the core of their empirical successes is the learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yufeng Zhang , Qi Cai , Zhuoran Yang , Yongxin Chen , Zhaoran Wang