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The infinitely wide neural network has been proven a useful and manageable mathematical model that enables the understanding of many phenomena appearing in deep learning. One example is the convergence of random deep networks to Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-19 Thiziri Nait-Saada , Alireza Naderi , Jared Tanner

We study the asymptotic law of a network of interacting neurons when the number of neurons becomes infinite. Given a completely connected network of firing rate neurons in which the synaptic weights are Gaussian correlated random variables,…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-06-03 Olivier Faugeras , James MacLaurin

Neal (1996) proved that infinitely wide shallow Bayesian neural networks (BNN) converge to Gaussian processes (GP), when the network weights have bounded prior variance. Cho & Saul (2009) provided a useful recursive formula for deep kernel…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-05 Jorge Loría , Anindya Bhadra

Consistency training is a popular method to improve deep learning models in computer vision and natural language processing. Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable performance in a variety of network science learning tasks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Cole Hawkins , Vassilis N. Ioannidis , Soji Adeshina , George Karypis

As deep neural networks (DNNs) are applied to increasingly challenging problems, they will need to be able to represent their own uncertainty. Modeling uncertainty is one of the key features of Bayesian methods. Using Bernoulli dropout with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Patrick McClure , Nikolaus Kriegeskorte

In this paper, we study the infinite-depth limit of finite-width residual neural networks with random Gaussian weights. With proper scaling, we show that by fixing the width and taking the depth to infinity, the pre-activations converge in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-16 Soufiane Hayou

Deep Graph Networks (DGNs) currently dominate the research landscape of learning from graphs, due to their efficiency and ability to implement an adaptive message-passing scheme between the nodes. However, DGNs are typically limited in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Alessio Gravina , Davide Bacciu , Claudio Gallicchio

The focus of this work is the convergence of non-stationary and deep Gaussian process regression. More precisely, we follow a Bayesian approach to regression or interpolation, where the prior placed on the unknown function $f$ is a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-19 Conor Osborne , Aretha L. Teckentrup

We showcase important features of the dynamics of the Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) in the training of neural networks. We present empirical observations that commonly used large step sizes (i) lead the iterates to jump from one side of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Maksym Andriushchenko , Aditya Varre , Loucas Pillaud-Vivien , Nicolas Flammarion

While Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) hold the promise of being flexible, well-calibrated statistical models, inference often requires approximations whose consequences are poorly understood. We study the quality of common variational…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-26 Andrew Y. K. Foong , David R. Burt , Yingzhen Li , Richard E. Turner

Generalisation across image scales remains a fundamental challenge for deep networks, which often fail to handle images at scales not seen during training (the out-of-distribution problem). In this paper, we present provably scale-invariant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Andrzej Perzanowski , Tony Lindeberg

We study the problem of training a two-layer neural network (NN) of arbitrary width using stochastic gradient descent (SGD) where the input $\boldsymbol{x}\in \mathbb{R}^d$ is Gaussian and the target $y \in \mathbb{R}$ follows a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-17 Alireza Mousavi-Hosseini , Sejun Park , Manuela Girotti , Ioannis Mitliagkas , Murat A. Erdogdu

Deep reinforcement learning systems often suffer from unstable training dynamics due to non-stationarity, where learning objectives and data distributions evolve over time. We show that under non-stationary targets, isotropic Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Ali Saheb Pasand , Johan Obando-Ceron , Aaron Courville , Pouya Bashivan , Pablo Samuel Castro

Understanding deep neural networks (DNNs) is a key challenge in the theory of machine learning, with potential applications to the many fields where DNNs have been successfully used. This article presents a scaling limit for a DNN being…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-06-04 Dyego Araújo , Roberto I. Oliveira , Daniel Yukimura

Deep neural networks (DNNs) achieve remarkable performance on a wide range of tasks, yet their mathematical analysis remains fragmented: stability and generalization are typically studied in disparate frameworks and on a case-by-case basis.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-29 Jonathan Vacher

Analyzing neural network dynamics via stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is crucial to building theoretical foundations for deep learning. Previous work has analyzed structured inputs within the \textit{hidden manifold model}, often under…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-01 Jaeyong Bae , Hawoong Jeong

We address the key challenge of size-induced distribution shifts in graph neural networks (GNNs) and their impact on the generalization of GNNs to larger graphs. Existing literature operates under diverse assumptions about distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Gaotang Li , Danai Koutra , Yujun Yan

In this paper, we study the factors that contribute to the effect of oversmoothing in deep Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Specifically, our analysis is based on a new metric (Mean Average Squared Distance - $MASED$) to quantify the extent of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Dimitrios Kelesis , Dimitris Fotakis , Georgios Paliouras

From the classical and influential works of Neal (1996), it is known that the infinite width scaling limit of a Bayesian neural network with one hidden layer is a Gaussian process, when the network weights have bounded prior variance.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-06 Jorge Loría , Anindya Bhadra

It has long been known that a single-layer fully-connected neural network with an i.i.d. prior over its parameters is equivalent to a Gaussian process (GP), in the limit of infinite network width. This correspondence enables exact Bayesian…