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Recent systems applying Machine Learning (ML) to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) exhibit issues when they try to scale up to real case scenarios with several hundred vertices. The use of Candidate Lists (CLs) has been brought up…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Umberto Junior Mele , Luca Maria Gambardella , Roberto Montemanni

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem with wide-ranging applications in logistics, routing, and intelligent systems. Due to its factorial complexity, solving large-scale instances…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Rabab Alkhalifa , Fatima Alkhomayes , Boushra Almazroua , Dana Alhaidan , Maryam Alothman , Jumana Almuhaidib

We introduce Limited Rollout Beam Search (LRBS), a beam search strategy for deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based combinatorial optimization improvement heuristics. Utilizing pre-trained models on the Euclidean Traveling Salesperson…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Federico Julian Camerota Verdù , Lorenzo Castelli , Luca Bortolussi

Combinatorial optimization is widely applied in a number of areas nowadays. Unfortunately, many combinatorial optimization problems are NP-hard which usually means that they are unsolvable in practice. However, it is often unnecessary to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-07-10 Daniel Karapetyan

Integrating combinatorial optimization layers into neural networks has recently attracted significant research interest. However, many existing approaches lack theoretical guarantees or fail to perform adequately when relying on inexact…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Germain Vivier-Ardisson , Mathieu Blondel , Axel Parmentier

Combinatorial optimization is the field devoted to the study and practice of algorithms that solve NP-hard problems. As Machine Learning (ML) and deep learning have popularized, several research groups have started to use ML to solve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Antoine François , Quentin Cappart , Louis-Martin Rousseau

This paper reviews the current progress in applying machine learning (ML) tools to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, with a focus on routing problems such as the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and the vehicle routing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Fangting Zhou , Attila Lischka , Balazs Kulcsar , Jiaming Wu , Morteza Haghir Chehreghani , Gilbert Laporte

TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem), a classic NP-complete problem in combinatorial optimization, is of great significance in multiple fields. Exact algorithms for TSP are not practical due to their exponential time cost. Thus, approximate…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Yang Li , Junbin Gao , Mingyuan Bai , Chengjun Li , Gang Liu

Multi-agent path finding (MAPF) is the problem of finding collision-free paths for a team of agents to reach their goal locations. State-of-the-art classical MAPF solvers typically employ heuristic search to find solutions for hundreds of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Rishi Veerapaneni , Qian Wang , Kevin Ren , Arthur Jakobsson , Jiaoyang Li , Maxim Likhachev

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in Automated Heuristic Design (AHD), existing approaches typically formulate AHD around constructive priority rules or parameterized local search guidance, thereby restricting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Baoyun Zhao , He Wang , Liang Zeng

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into evolutionary frameworks has established a new paradigm for automated heuristic discovery. Despite their promise, these methods typically search in the discrete space of program syntax,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Cheikh Ahmed , Mahdi Mostajabdaveh , Zirui Zhou

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into optimization has created a powerful synergy, opening exciting research opportunities. This paper investigates how LLMs can enhance existing optimization algorithms. Using their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Camilo Chacón Sartori , Christian Blum

In this paper, a heuristic for a heterogeneous min-max multi-vehicle multi-depot traveling salesman problem is proposed, wherein heterogeneous vehicles start from given depot locations and need to cover a given set of targets. In the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-01 Deepak Prakash Kumar , Sivakumar Rathinam , Swaroop Darbha , Trevor Bihl

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown notable potential in code generation for optimization algorithms, unlocking exciting new opportunities. This paper examines how LLMs, rather than creating algorithms from scratch, can improve existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Camilo Chacón Sartori , Christian Blum

The generalized traveling salesman problem (GTSP) is an extension of the well-known traveling salesman problem. In GTSP, we are given a partition of cities into groups and we are required to find a minimum length tour that includes exactly…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-03-30 Gregory Gutin , Daniel Karapetyan

The Travelling Salesman Problem - TSP is one of the most explored problems in the scientific literature to solve real problems regarding the economy, transportation, and logistics, to cite a few cases. Adapting TSP to solve different…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Carlos Alberto da Silva Junior , Roberto Yuji Tanaka , Luiz Carlos Farias da Silva , Angelo Passaro

Large Neighbourhood Search (LNS) is a powerful heuristic framework for solving Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP) problems. However, designing effective variable selection strategies in LNS remains challenging, especially for diverse sets of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-22 Charly Robinson La Rocca , Jean-François Cordeau , Emma Frejinger

In order to deal with the high development time of exact and approximation algorithms for NP-hard combinatorial optimisation problems and the high running time of exact solvers, deep learning techniques have been used in recent years as an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-20 James Fitzpatrick , Deepak Ajwani , Paula Carroll

Heuristics are commonly used to tackle various search and optimization problems. Design heuristics usually require tedious manual crafting with domain knowledge. Recent works have incorporated Large Language Models (LLMs) into automatic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Shunyu Yao , Fei Liu , Xi Lin , Zhichao Lu , Zhenkun Wang , Qingfu Zhang

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the classic and hard problems in combinatorial optimization. We develop a new heuristic that uses a connection between Minimum Cost Flow Problems and the TSP to improve on a given suboptimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Steffen Borgwardt , Zachary Sorenson
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