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The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic kilometer neutrino telescope located at the geographic South Pole. Cherenkov radiation emitted by charged secondary particles from neutrino interactions is observed by IceCube using an array of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-01 Kevin J. Meagher

The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND) is a planned array of ~200 000 radio antennas deployed over ~200 000 km2 in a mountainous site. It aims primarly at detecting high-energy neutrinos via the observation of extensive air…

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory opened the window on neutrino astronomy by discovering high-energy astrophysical neutrinos in 2013 and identifying the first compelling astrophysical neutrino source, the blazar TXS0506+056, in 2017. In this…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-11-17 Brian Clark

Radio-based detection of high-energy particles is growing in maturity. In this chapter, we focus on the detection of neutrinos with energies in excess of 10 PeV that interact in the thick, radio-transparent ice found in the polar regions.…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-02-07 Steven Barwick , Christian Glaser

Encompasing a volume of ~1 km^3 of glacial ice at the South Pole, IceCube is currently the worlds largest neutrino detector. It consists of 5160 optical modules on 86 strings in a depth between 1450m and 2450m, as well as 324 optical…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Sebastian Böser

Interactions of ultrahigh energy neutrinos of cosmological origin in large volumes of dense, radio-transparent media can be detected via coherent Cherenkov emission from accompanying electromagnetic showers. Antarctic ice meets the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-09-09 George M. Frichter , John P. Ralston , Douglas W. McKay

The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) experiment at the South Pole is designed to detect high-energy neutrinos which, via in-ice interactions, produce coherent radiation at frequencies up to 1000 MHz. In Dec. 2018, a custom high-amplitude…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-19 T. M. Jordan , D. Z. Besson , I. Kravchenko , U. Latif , B. Madison , A. Novikov , A. Shultz

Since the end of the 2005-2006 austral summer, the IceCube detector consists of an array of 9 strings, deployed between 1450 m and 2450 m of depth and containing 540 digital optical sensors and 16 IceTop surface stations with 64 sensors.…

Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-14 Paolo Desiati

We discuss design considerations and simulation results for IceRay, a proposed large-scale ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrino detector at the South Pole. The array is designed to detect the coherent Askaryan radio emission from UHE neutrino…

The Surface Array Enhancement of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory is set to equip the existing surface cosmic-ray array of ice-Cherenkov detectors, IceTop, with radio antennas and scintillation detectors. This can lower the energy threshold…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-03 Megha Venugopal

Current generation neutrino telescopes cover an energy range from about 10 GeV to beyond $10^9$ GeV. IceCube sets the scale for future experiments to make improvements. Strategies for future upgrades will be discussed in three energy…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-11 Albrecht Karle

The IceCube-Gen2 facility will extend the energy range of IceCube to ultra-high energies. The key component to detect neutrinos with energies above 10 PeV is a large array of in-ice radio detectors. In previous work, direction…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-07-27 Sjoerd Bouma , Anna Nelles

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole detects neutrinos of astrophysical origin via their interactions with ice. The main array is optimized for the detection of neutrinos with energies above 1 TeV. A much smaller infill array,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-08-13 Aswathi Balagopal V. , Sam Hori , Justin Vandenbroucke

Ultra-High Energy (UHE) neutrinos over $10^{16}$ eV have yet to be observed but the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is one in-ice neutrino observatory attempting to make this discovery. In anticipation of a thorough full-observatory and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-08-16 Abby Bishop , Austin Cummings , Ryan Krebs , William Luszczak

One of the most promising techniques for detecting ultra-high energy neutrinos involves the use of radio antennas to observe the 10-1000 MHz radiation generated by the showers that neutrinos induce in large volumes of ice. The expected…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-06-05 Alan Coleman , Christian Glaser , Ryan Rice-Smith , Steven Barwick , Dave Besson

The observation of electromagnetic radiation from radio to $\gamma$-ray wavelengths has provided a wealth of information about the universe. However, at PeV (10$^{15}$ eV) energies and above, most of the universe is impenetrable to photons.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-05-06 Gen2 Collaboration , M. G. Aartsen , R. Abbasi , M. Ackermann , J. Adams , J. A. Aguilar , M. Ahlers , M. Ahrens , C. Alispach , P. Allison , N. M. Amin , K. Andeen , T. Anderson , I. Ansseau , G. Anton , C. Argüelles , T. C. Arlen , J. Auffenberg , S. Axani , H. Bagherpour , X. Bai , A. Balagopal V. , A. Barbano , I. Bartos , B. Bastian , V. Basu , V. Baum , S. Baur , R. Bay , J. J. Beatty , K. -H. Becker , J. Becker Tjus , S. BenZvi , D. Berley , E. Bernardini , D. Z. Besson , G. Binder , D. Bindig , E. Blaufuss , S. Blot , C. Bohm , M. Bohmer , S. Böser , O. Botner , J. Böttcher , E. Bourbeau , J. Bourbeau , F. Bradascio , J. Braun , S. Bron , J. Brostean-Kaiser , A. Burgman , R. T. Burley , J. Buscher , R. S. Busse , M. Bustamante , M. A. Campana , E. G. Carnie-Bronca , T. Carver , C. Chen , P. Chen , E. Cheung , D. Chirkin , S. Choi , B. A. Clark , K. Clark , L. Classen , A. Coleman , G. H. Collin , A. Connolly , J. M. Conrad , P. Coppin , P. Correa , D. F. Cowen , R. Cross , P. Dave , C. Deaconu , C. De Clercq , J. J. DeLaunay , S. De Kockere , H. Dembinski , K. Deoskar , S. De Ridder , A. Desai , P. Desiati , K. D. de Vries , G. de Wasseige , M. de With , T. DeYoung , S. Dharani , A. Diaz , J. C. Díaz-Vélez , H. Dujmovic , M. Dunkman , M. A. DuVernois , E. Dvorak , T. Ehrhardt , P. Eller , R. Engel , J. J. Evans , P. A. Evenson , S. Fahey , K. Farrag , A. R. Fazely , J. Felde , A. T. Fienberg , K. Filimonov , C. Finley , L. Fischer , D. Fox , A. Franckowiak , E. Friedman , A. Fritz , T. K. Gaisser , J. Gallagher , E. Ganster , D. Garcia-Fernandez , S. Garrappa , A. Gartner , L. Gerhardt , R. Gernhaeuser , A. Ghadimi , C. Glaser , T. Glauch , T. Glüsenkamp , A. Goldschmidt , J. G. Gonzalez , S. Goswami , D. Grant , T. Grégoire , Z. Griffith , S. Griswold , M. Gündüz , C. Haack , A. Hallgren , R. Halliday , L. Halve , F. Halzen , J. C. Hanson , K. Hanson , J. Hardin , J. Haugen , A. Haungs , S. Hauser , D. Hebecker , D. Heinen , P. Heix , K. Helbing , R. Hellauer , F. Henningsen , S. Hickford , J. Hignight , C. Hill , G. C. Hill , K. D. Hoffman , B. Hoffmann , R. Hoffmann , T. Hoinka , B. Hokanson-Fasig , K. Holzapfel , K. Hoshina , F. Huang , M. Huber , T. Huber , T. Huege , K. Hughes , K. Hultqvist , M. Hünnefeld , R. Hussain , S. In , N. Iovine , A. Ishihara , M. Jansson , G. S. Japaridze , M. Jeong , B. J. P. Jones , F. Jonske , R. Joppe , O. Kalekin , D. Kang , W. Kang , X. Kang , A. Kappes , D. Kappesser , T. Karg , M. Karl , A. Karle , T. Katori , U. Katz , M. Kauer , A. Keivani , M. Kellermann , J. L. Kelley , A. Kheirandish , J. Kim , K. Kin , T. Kintscher , J. Kiryluk , T. Kittler , M. Kleifges , S. R. Klein , R. Koirala , H. Kolanoski , L. Köpke , C. Kopper , S. Kopper , D. J. Koskinen , P. Koundal , M. Kovacevich , M. Kowalski , C. B. Krauss , K. Krings , G. Krückl , N. Kulacz , N. Kurahashi , C. Lagunas Gualda , R. Lahmann , J. L. Lanfranchi , M. J. Larson , U. Latif , F. Lauber , J. P. Lazar , K. Leonard , A. Leszczyńska , Y. Li , Q. R. Liu , E. Lohfink , J. LoSecco , C. J. Lozano Mariscal , L. Lu , F. Lucarelli , A. Ludwig , J. Lünemann , W. Luszczak , Y. Lyu , W. Y. Ma , J. Madsen , G. Maggi , K. B. M. Mahn , Y. Makino , P. Mallik , S. Mancina , S. Mandalia , I. C. Mariş , S. Marka , Z. Marka , R. Maruyama , K. Mase , R. Maunu , F. McNally , K. Meagher , A. Medina , M. Meier , S. Meighen-Berger , J. Merz , Z. S. Meyers , J. Micallef , D. Mockler , G. Momenté , T. Montaruli , R. W. Moore , R. Morse , M. Moulai , P. Muth , R. Naab , R. Nagai , J. Nam , U. Naumann , J. Necker , G. Neer , A. Nelles , L. V. Nguyên , H. Niederhausen , M. U. Nisa , S. C. Nowicki , D. R. Nygren , E. Oberla , A. Obertacke Pollmann , M. Oehler , A. Olivas , E. O'Sullivan , Y. Pan , H. Pandya , D. V. Pankova , L. Papp , N. Park , G. K. Parker , E. N. Paudel , P. Peiffer , C. Pérez de los Heros , T. C. Petersen , S. Philippen , D. Pieloth , S. Pieper , J. L. Pinfold , A. Pizzuto , I. Plaisier , M. Plum , Y. Popovych , A. Porcelli , M. Prado Rodriguez , P. B. Price , G. T. Przybylski , C. Raab , A. Raissi , M. Rameez , L. Rauch , K. Rawlins , I. C. Rea , A. Rehman , R. Reimann , M. Renschler , G. Renzi , E. Resconi , S. Reusch , W. Rhode , M. Richman , B. Riedel , M. Riegel , E. J. Roberts , S. Robertson , G. Roellinghoff , M. Rongen , C. Rott , T. Ruhe , D. Ryckbosch , D. Rysewyk Cantu , I. Safa , S. E. Sanchez Herrera , A. Sandrock , J. Sandroos , P. Sandstrom , M. Santander , S. Sarkar , S. Sarkar , K. Satalecka , M. Scharf , M. Schaufel , H. Schieler , P. Schlunder , T. Schmidt , A. Schneider , J. Schneider , F. G. Schröder , L. Schumacher , S. Sclafani , D. Seckel , S. Seunarine , M. H. Shaevitz , A. Sharma , S. Shefali , M. Silva , D. Smith , B. Smithers , R. Snihur , J. Soedingrekso , D. Soldin , S. Söldner-Rembold , M. Song , D. Southall , G. M. Spiczak , C. Spiering , J. Stachurska , M. Stamatikos , T. Stanev , R. Stein , J. Stettner , A. Steuer , T. Stezelberger , R. G. Stokstad , N. L. Strotjohann , T. Stürwald , T. Stuttard , G. W. Sullivan , I. Taboada , A. Taketa , H. K. M. Tanaka , F. Tenholt , S. Ter-Antonyan , A. Terliuk , S. Tilav , K. Tollefson , L. Tomankova , C. Tönnis , J. Torres , S. Toscano , D. Tosi , A. Trettin , M. Tselengidou , C. F. Tung , A. Turcati , R. Turcotte , C. F. Turley , J. P. Twagirayezu , B. Ty , E. Unger , M. A. Unland Elorrieta , J. Vandenbroucke , D. van Eijk , N. van Eijndhoven , D. Vannerom , J. van Santen , D. Veberic , S. Verpoest , A. Vieregg , M. Vraeghe , C. Walck , T. B. Watson , C. Weaver , A. Weindl , L. Weinstock , M. J. Weiss , J. Weldert , C. Welling , C. Wendt , J. Werthebach , N. Whitehorn , K. Wiebe , C. H. Wiebusch , D. R. Williams , S. A. Wissel , M. Wolf , T. R. Wood , K. Woschnagg , G. Wrede , S. Wren , J. Wulff , X. W. Xu , Y. Xu , J. P. Yanez , S. Yoshida , T. Yuan , Z. Zhang , S. Zierke , M. Zöcklein

IceCube is a 1 km^3 neutrino telescope currently under construction at the South Pole. The detector will consist of 5160 optical sensors deployed at depths between 1450 m and 2450 m in clear Antarctic ice distributed over 86 strings. An air…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 A. Karle

ARIANNA (The Antarctic Ross Ice Shelf Antenna Neutrino Array) is a proposed 100 km^3 detector for ultra-high energy (above 10^17 eV) astrophysical neutrinos. It will study the origins of ultra-high energy cosmic rays by searching for the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-13 Spencer R. Klein

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory detects GeV-to-PeV+ neutrinos via the Cherenkov light produced by secondary charged particles from neutrino interactions with the South Pole ice. The detector consists of over 5000 spherical Digital Optical…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-19 Tianlu Yuan