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Easy Read text is one of the main forms of access to information for people with reading difficulties. One of the key characteristics of this type of text is the requirement to split sentences into smaller grammatical segments, to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Jesús Calleja , Thierry Etchegoyhen , David Ponce

This paper presents the first comprehensive study on automatic readability assessment of Turkish texts. We combine state-of-the-art neural network models with linguistic features at lexical, morphological, syntactic and discourse levels to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Ahmet Yavuz Uluslu , Gerold Schneider

In this study, we developed the first baseline readability model for the Cebuano language. Cebuano is the second most-used native language in the Philippines with about 27.5 million speakers. As the baseline, we extracted traditional or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Lloyd Lois Antonie Reyes , Michael Antonio Ibañez , Ranz Sapinit , Mohammed Hussien , Joseph Marvin Imperial

This paper addresses the task of readability assessment for the texts aimed at second language (L2) learners. One of the major challenges in this task is the lack of significantly sized level-annotated data. For the present work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-19 Menglin Xia , Ekaterina Kochmar , Ted Briscoe

For readability assessment, traditional methods mainly employ machine learning classifiers with hundreds of linguistic features. Although the deep learning model has become the prominent approach for almost all NLP tasks, it is less…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Wenbiao Li , Ziyang Wang , Yunfang Wu

The task of written language identification involves typically the detection of the languages present in a sample of text. Moreover, a sequence of text may not belong to a single inherent language but also may be mixture of text written in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Mohd Zeeshan Ansari , Tanvir Ahmad , Ana Fatima

Metric learning makes it plausible to learn distances for complex distributions of data from labeled data. However, to date, most metric learning methods are based on a single Mahalanobis metric, which cannot handle heterogeneous data well.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2012-01-04 Caiming Xiong , David Johnson , Ran Xu , Jason J. Corso

Readability assessment aims to evaluate the reading difficulty of a text. In recent years, while deep learning technology has been gradually applied to readability assessment, most approaches fail to consider either the length of the text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yurui Zheng , Yijun Chen , Shaohong Zhang

We leverage generative large language models for language learning applications, focusing on estimating the difficulty of foreign language texts and simplifying them to lower difficulty levels. We frame both tasks as prediction problems and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Henri Jamet , Yash Raj Shrestha , Michalis Vlachos

Random Forest (RF) is a widely used ensemble learning technique known for its robust classification performance across diverse domains. However, it often relies on hundreds of trees and all input features, leading to high inference cost and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Sijan Bhattarai , Saurav Bhandari , Girija Bhusal , Saroj Shakya , Tapendra Pandey

This research aims to develop machine learning models for students academic performance and study strategies prediction which could be generalized to all courses in higher education. Key learning attributes (intrinsic, extrinsic, autonomy,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Fidelia A. Orji , Julita Vassileva

The problem of accurately predicting relative reading difficulty across a set of sentences arises in a number of important natural language applications, such as finding and curating effective usage examples for intelligent language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-26 Elliot Schumacher , Maxine Eskenazi , Gwen Frishkoff , Kevyn Collins-Thompson

In recent times training Language Models (LMs) have relied on computationally heavy training over massive datasets which makes this training process extremely laborious. In this paper we propose a novel method for numerically evaluating…

Methods for scoring text readability have been studied for over a century, and are widely used in research and in user-facing applications in many domains. Thus far, the development and evaluation of such methods have primarily relied on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Keren Gruteke Klein , Shachar Frenkel , Omer Shubi , Yevgeni Berzak

Readability assessment is the task of determining how difficult or easy a text is or which level/grade it has. Traditionally, language dependent readability formula have been used, but these formulae take few text characteristics into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Kepa Bengoetxea , Itziar Gonzalez-Dios

Random Forest is a machine learning method that offers many advantages, including the ability to easily measure variable importance. Class balancing technique is a well-known solution to deal with class imbalance problem. However, it has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-19 Yunbi Nam , Sunwoo Han

This paper describes the system deployed by the CLaC-EDLK team to the "SemEval 2016, Complex Word Identification task". The goal of the task is to identify if a given word in a given context is "simple" or "complex". Our system relies on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-12 Elnaz Davoodi , Leila Kosseim

Analyzing the readability of articles has been an important sociolinguistic task. Addressing this task is necessary to the automatic recommendation of appropriate articles to readers with different comprehension abilities, and it further…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Changping Meng , Muhao Chen , Jie Mao , Jennifer Neville

The data made available for analysis are becoming more and more complex along several directions: high dimensionality, number of examples and the amount of labels per example. This poses a variety of challenges for the existing machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Matej Petković , Sašo Džeroski , Dragi Kocev

The integration of new literature into the English curriculum remains a challenge since educators often lack scalable tools to rapidly evaluate readability and adapt texts for diverse classroom needs. This study proposes to address this gap…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jordan J. Bird