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Information engines can convert thermal fluctuations of a bath at temperature $T$ into work at rates of order $k_\mathrm{B}T$ per relaxation time of the system. We show experimentally that such engines, when in contact with a bath that is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-12-25 Tushar K. Saha , Jannik Ehrich , Momčilo Gavrilov , Susanne Still , David A. Sivak , John Bechhoefer

We relate the information exchange between two stochastic systems to the nonequilibrium entropy production in the whole system. By deriving a general formula that decomposes the total entropy production into the thermodynamic and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-16 Takahiro Sagawa , Masahito Ueda

On the one hand, the dissipated heat of a thermodynamic work extraction process upper bounds the non-predictive information, which the associated system encodes about its environment. Thus, emergent information processing capabilities can…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-09-10 Kai Ueltzhöffer

The optimization of the conversion of thermal energy into work and the minimization of dissipation for nano- and mesoscopic systems is a complex challenge because of the important role fluctuations play on the dynamics of small systems. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-24 Alberto Rolandi

This Colloquium is a fast journey through the build-up of key thermodynamical concepts, i.e. work, heat and irreversibility -- and how they relate to information. Born at the time of industrial revolution to optimize the exploitation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-24 Alexia Auffèves

Information thermodynamics relates the rate of change of mutual information between two interacting subsystems to their thermodynamics when the joined system is described by a bipartite stochastic dynamics satisfying local detailed balance.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-08-05 Emanuele Penocchio , Francesco Avanzini , Massimiliano Esposito

The past twenty years have seen a resurgence of interest in nonequilibrium thermodynamics, thanks to advances in the theory of stochastic processes and in their thermodynamic interpretation. Fluctuation theorems provide fundamental…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-11-16 Robert Marsland , Jeremy England

We obtain generalizations of the Kelvin-Planck, Clausius, and Carnot statements of the second law of thermodynamics, for situations involving information processing. To this end, we consider an information reservoir (representing, e.g. a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-10-21 Sebastian Deffner , Christopher Jarzynski

The gedanken experiment of Maxwell's demon has led to the studies concerning the foundations of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The demon measures fluctuations of a system's observable and converts the information gain into work…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-09 Y. Masuyama , K. Funo , Y. Murashita , A. Noguchi , S. Kono , Y. Tabuchi , R. Yamazaki , M. Ueda , Y. Nakamura

We address a new setting where the second law is under question: thermalizations in a quantum superposition of causal orders, enacted by the so-called quantum switch. This superposition has been shown to be associated with an increase in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-19 Xiangjing Liu , Daniel Ebler , Oscar Dahlsten

Virtually every organism gathers information about its noisy environment and builds models from that data, mostly using neural networks. Here, we use stochastic thermodynamics to analyse the learning of a classification rule by a neural…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-01-31 Sebastian Goldt , Udo Seifert

Motivated by the recent proposed models of the information engine [D. Mandal and C. Jarzynski, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 11641 (2012)] and the information refrigerator [D. Mandal, H. T. Quan, and C. Jarzynski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 030602…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-30 Yuansheng Cao , Zongping Gong , H. T. Quan

According to Thermodynamics, the efficiency of a heat engine is upper bounded by Carnot efficiency. For macroscopic systems, the Carnot efficiency is, however, achieved only for quasi static processes. And, considerable attention has been…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-05-03 Takaaki Monnai

We study thermodynamic limits when controllers operate with only partial observability of internal correlations in multipartite systems. Understanding the costs imposed by lack of information is crucial in settings where agents must act…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-09-25 Akihito Sudo

Efficiently harvesting thermodynamic resources requires a precise understanding of their structure. This becomes explicit through the lens of information engines -- thermodynamic engines that use information as fuel. Maximizing the work…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-02-28 Alexander B. Boyd , James P. Crutchfield , Mile Gu , Felix C. Binder

This paper provides a perspective on applying the concepts of information thermodynamics, developed recently in non-equilibrium statistical physics, to problems in theoretical neuroscience. Historically, information and energy in…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-09-27 Jan Karbowski

Information dynamics is an emerging description of information processing in complex systems which describes systems in terms of intrinsic computation, identifying computational primitives of information storage and transfer. In this paper…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-10-03 Richard E. Spinney , Joseph T. Lizier , Mikhail Prokopenko

We design a heat engine with multi-heat-reservoir, ancillary system and quantum memory. We then derive an inequality related with the second law of thermodynamics, and give a new limitation about the work gain from the engine by analyzing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-09 Li-Hang Ren , Heng Fan

Biological, artificial, and physical systems dissipate energy to accurately transmit information. While tools of information theory have been used to characterize information-processing capabilities, how reliably this information is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-29 Giorgio Nicoletti , Daniel M. Busiello

Adaptation in a fluctuating environment is a process of fueling environmental information to gain fitness. Living systems have gradually developed strategies for adaptation from random and passive diversification of the phenotype to more…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2017-07-12 Tetsuya J. Kobayashi , Yuki Sughiyama