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Gaze estimation methods learn eye gaze from facial features. However, among rich information in the facial image, real gaze-relevant features only correspond to subtle changes in eye region, while other gaze-irrelevant features like…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Yihua Cheng , Yiwei Bao , Feng Lu

Along with the recent development of deep neural networks, appearance-based gaze estimation has succeeded considerably when training and testing within the same domain. Compared to the within-domain task, the variance of different domains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Jiawei Qin , Takuru Shimoyama , Xucong Zhang , Yusuke Sugano

Gaze estimation methods often experience significant performance degradation when evaluated across different domains, due to the domain gap between the testing and training data. Existing methods try to address this issue using various…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Pengwei Yin , Guanzhong Zeng , Jingjing Wang , Di Xie

Gaze is the essential manifestation of human attention. In recent years, a series of work has achieved high accuracy in gaze estimation. However, the inter-personal difference limits the reduction of the subject-independent gaze estimation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Zidong Guo , Zejian Yuan , Chong Zhang , Wanchao Chi , Yonggen Ling , Shenghao Zhang

Developing gaze estimation models that generalize well to unseen domains and in-the-wild conditions remains a challenge with no known best solution. This is mostly due to the difficulty of acquiring ground truth data that cover the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Evangelos Ververas , Polydefkis Gkagkos , Jiankang Deng , Michail Christos Doukas , Jia Guo , Stefanos Zafeiriou

Gaze estimation, which is a method to determine where a person is looking at given the person's full face, is a valuable clue for understanding human intention. Similarly to other domains of computer vision, deep learning (DL) methods have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Longzhao Huang , Yujie Li , Xu Wang , Haoyu Wang , Ahmed Bouridane , Ahmad Chaddad

Deep learning-based appearance gaze estimation methods are gaining popularity due to their high accuracy and fewer constraints from the environment. However, existing high-precision models often rely on deeper networks, leading to problems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zhang Cheng , Yanxia Wang

Appearance-based gaze estimation (AGE) has achieved remarkable performance in constrained settings, yet we reveal a significant generalization gap where existing AGE models often fail in practical, unconstrained scenarios, particularly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Zhenhao Li , Zheng Liu , Seunghyun Lee , Amin Fadaeinejad , Yuanhao Yu

With the increase in computation power and the development of new state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms, appearance-based gaze estimation is becoming more and more popular. It is believed to work well with curated laboratory data sets,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Nairit Bandyopadhyay , Sébastien Riou , Didier Schwab

Human gaze is essential for various appealing applications. Aiming at more accurate gaze estimation, a series of recent works propose to utilize face and eye images simultaneously. Nevertheless, face and eye images only serve as independent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-03 Yihua Cheng , Shiyao Huang , Fei Wang , Chen Qian , Feng Lu

Non-invasive gaze estimation methods usually regress gaze directions directly from a single face or eye image. However, due to important variabilities in eye shapes and inner eye structures amongst individuals, universal models obtain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-07 Gang Liu , Yu Yu , Kenneth A. Funes Mora , Jean-Marc Odobez

Gaze estimation methods commonly use facial appearances to predict the direction of a person gaze. However, previous studies show three major challenges with convolutional neural network (CNN)-based, transformer-based, and contrastive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Xinyuan Zhao , Yihang Wu , Ahmad Chaddad , Sarah A. Alkhodair , Reem Kateb

Appearance-based gaze estimation has attracted more and more attention because of its wide range of applications. The use of deep convolutional neural networks has improved the accuracy significantly. In order to improve the estimation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Zhaokang Chen , Bertram E. Shi

Estimation of 3D gaze is highly relevant to multiple fields, including but not limited to interactive systems, specialized human-computer interfaces, and behavioral research. Although recently deep learning methods have boosted the accuracy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Gabriel Lefundes , Luciano Oliveira

With the escalated demand of human-machine interfaces for intelligent systems, development of gaze controlled system have become a necessity. Gaze, being the non-intrusive form of human interaction, is one of the best suited approach.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Somsukla Maiti , Akshansh Gupta

Vision-based autonomous driving through imitation learning mimics the behaviors of human drivers by training on pairs of data of raw driver-view images and actions. However, there are other cues, e.g. gaze behavior, available from human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-28 Congcong Liu , Yuying Chen , Lei Tai , Ming Liu , Bertram Shi

Human gaze provides valuable information on human focus and intentions, making it a crucial area of research. Recently, deep learning has revolutionized appearance-based gaze estimation. However, due to the unique features of gaze…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Yihua Cheng , Haofei Wang , Yiwei Bao , Feng Lu

Appearance-based gaze estimation frequently relies on deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). These models are accurate, but computationally expensive and act as "black boxes", offering little interpretability. Geometric methods based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Daniele Agostinelli , Thomas Agostinelli , Andrea Generosi , Maura Mengoni

As a critical cue for understanding human intention, human gaze provides a key signal for Human-Computer Interaction(HCI) applications. Appearance-based gaze estimation, which directly regresses the gaze vector from eye images, has made…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-24 Shaobo Guo , Xiao Jiang , Zhizhong Su , Rui Wu , Xin Wang

Appearance-based gaze estimation, aiming to predict accurate 3D gaze direction from a single facial image, has made promising progress in recent years. However, most methods suffer significant performance degradation in cross-domain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Qida Tan , Hongyu Yang , Wenchao Du
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