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Click data collected by modern recommendation systems are an important source of observational data that can be utilized to train learning-to-rank (LTR) systems. However, these data suffer from a number of biases that can result in poor…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-13 Zohreh Ovaisi , Ragib Ahsan , Yifan Zhang , Kathryn Vasilaky , Elena Zheleva

Improved search quality enhances users' satisfaction, which directly impacts sales growth of an E-Commerce (E-Com) platform. Traditional Learning to Rank (LTR) algorithms require relevance judgments on products. In E-Com, getting such…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Muhammad Umer Anwaar , Dmytro Rybalko , Martin Kleinsteuber

Learning the optimal ordering of content is an important challenge in website design. The learning to rank (LTR) framework models this problem as a sequential problem of selecting lists of content and observing where users decide to click.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-12 James A. Grant , David S. Leslie

State-of-the-art recommender system (RS) mostly rely on complex deep neural network (DNN) model structure, which makes it difficult to provide explanations along with RS decisions. Previous researchers have proved that providing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Zhichao Xu , Yi Han , Tao Yang , Anh Tran , Qingyao Ai

Learning to rank (LTR) plays a crucial role in various Information Retrieval (IR) tasks. Although supervised LTR methods based on fine-grained relevance labels (e.g., document-level annotations) have achieved significant success, their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yiteng Tu , Zhichao Xu , Tao Yang , Weihang Su , Yujia Zhou , Yiqun Liu , Fen Lin , Qin Liu , Qingyao Ai

How to obtain an unbiased ranking model by learning to rank with biased user feedback is an important research question for IR. Existing work on unbiased learning to rank (ULTR) can be broadly categorized into two groups -- the studies on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Qingyao Ai , Tao Yang , Huazheng Wang , Jiaxin Mao

Online learning to rank (OLTR) via implicit feedback has been extensively studied for document retrieval in cases where the feedback is available at the level of individual items. To learn from item-level feedback, the current algorithms…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-01-10 Chang Li , Artem Grotov , Ilya Markov , Maarten de Rijke

Recommender systems are essential for delivering personalized content across digital platforms by modeling user preferences and behaviors. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been adopted for prompt-based recommendation due to their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Md Aminul Islam , Ahmed Sayeed Faruk

Existing online learning to rank (OL2R) solutions are limited to linear models, which are incompetent to capture possible non-linear relations between queries and documents. In this work, to unleash the power of representation learning in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Yiling Jia , Hongning Wang

Item recommendation is the task of predicting a personalized ranking on a set of items (e.g. websites, movies, products). In this paper, we investigate the most common scenario with implicit feedback (e.g. clicks, purchases). There are many…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-05-14 Steffen Rendle , Christoph Freudenthaler , Zeno Gantner , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

This paper studies human preference learning based on partially revealed choice behavior and formulates the problem as a generalized Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) ranking model that accounts for heterogeneous preferences. Specifically, we assume…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-03 Jianqing Fan , Hyukjun Kwon , Xiaonan Zhu

Many platforms on the web present ranked lists of content to users, typically optimized for engagement-, satisfaction- or retention- driven metrics. Advances in the Learning-to-Rank (LTR) research literature have enabled rapid growth in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Hitesh Sagtani , Olivier Jeunen , Aleksei Ustimenko

Traditional recommender systems (RecSys) primarily infer user preferences from implicit signals (such as clicks, watches, and purchases), often neglecting the rich explicit contextual feedback users provide through verbal text, like…

Online learning to rank (OLTR) interactively learns to choose lists of items from a large collection based on certain click models that describe users' click behaviors. Most recent works for this problem focus on the stochastic environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Cheng Chen , Canzhe Zhao , Shuai Li

Unbiased Learning to Rank (ULTR) aims to train unbiased ranking models from biased click logs, by explicitly modeling a generation process for user behavior and fitting click data based on examination hypothesis. Previous research found…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Mouxiang Chen , Chenghao Liu , Zemin Liu , Zhuo Li , Jianling Sun

In counterfactual learning to rank (CLTR) user interactions are used as a source of supervision. Since user interactions come with bias, an important focus of research in this field lies in developing methods to correct for the bias of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Ali Vardasbi , Maarten de Rijke , Ilya Markov

Unbiased learning to rank (ULTR) aims to mitigate various biases existing in user clicks, such as position bias, trust bias, presentation bias, and learn an effective ranker. In this paper, we introduce our winning approach for the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Lulu Yu , Yiting Wang , Xiaojie Sun , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo

Recommendation models are predominantly trained using implicit user feedback, since explicit feedback is often costly to obtain. However, implicit feedback, such as clicks, does not always reflect users' real preferences. For example, a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Mengchen Zhao , Yifan Gao , Yaqing Hou , Xiangyang Li , Pengjie Gu , Zhenhua Dong , Ruiming Tang , Yi Cai

Generally speaking, the model training for recommender systems can be based on two types of data, namely explicit feedback and implicit feedback. Moreover, because of its general availability, we see wide adoption of implicit feedback data,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Yi Ren , Hongyan Tang , Jiangpeng Rong , Siwen Zhu

In recent years, neural ranking models (NRMs) have been shown to substantially outperform their lexical counterparts in text retrieval. In traditional search pipelines, a combination of features leads to well-defined behaviour. However, as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Andrew Parry , Sean MacAvaney , Debasis Ganguly