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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in Spoken Language Understanding (SLU), where effective multimodal learning depends on the alignment between audio and text. Despite various fusion methods, no standard metric exists to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Pooneh Mousavi , Yingzhi Wang , Mirco Ravanelli , Cem Subakan

Deep learning models define the state-of-the-art in Automatic Drum Transcription (ADT), yet their performance is contingent upon large-scale, paired audio-MIDI datasets, which are scarce. Existing workarounds that use synthetic data often…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Pierfrancesco Melucci , Paolo Merialdo , Taketo Akama

Although text-to-audio generation has made remarkable progress in realism and diversity, the development of evaluation metrics has not kept pace. Widely-adopted approaches, typically based on embedding similarity like CLAPScore, effectively…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-22 Chun-Yi Kuan , Kai-Wei Chang , Hung-yi Lee

Audio-text retrieval (ATR), which retrieves a relevant caption given an audio clip (A2T) and vice versa (T2A), has recently attracted much research attention. Existing methods typically aggregate information from each modality into a single…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Qian Wang , Jia-Chen Gu , Zhen-Hua Ling

Music can be represented in multiple forms, such as in the audio form as a recording of a performance, in the symbolic form as a computer readable score, or in the image form as a scan of the sheet music. Music synchronisation provides a…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Ruchit Agrawal

MIDI velocity is crucial for capturing expressive dynamics in human performances. In practical scenarios, a music score with inaccurate velocities may be available alongside the performance audio (e.g., music education and free online…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-03 Zhanhong He , Roberto Togneri , David Huang

Piano audio-to-score transcription (A2S) is an important yet underexplored task with extensive applications for music composition, practice, and analysis. However, existing end-to-end piano A2S systems faced difficulties in retrieving…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Wei Zeng , Xian He , Ye Wang

Symbolic Music Alignment is the process of matching performed MIDI notes to corresponding score notes. In this paper, we introduce a reinforcement learning (RL)-based online symbolic music alignment technique. The RL agent - an…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Silvan David Peter

The identification of structural differences between a music performance and the score is a challenging yet integral step of audio-to-score alignment, an important subtask of music information retrieval. We present a novel method to detect…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Ruchit Agrawal , Daniel Wolff , Simon Dixon

The digitization of vocal music scores presents unique challenges that go beyond traditional Optical Music Recognition (OMR) and Optical Character Recognition (OCR), as it necessitates preserving the critical alignment between music…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Eliseo Fuentes-Martínez , Antonio Ríos-Vila , Juan C. Martinez-Sevilla , David Rizo , Jorge Calvo-Zaragoza

Automatic Music Transcription (AMT), aiming to get musical notes from raw audio, typically uses frame-level systems with piano-roll outputs or language model (LM)-based systems with note-level predictions. However, frame-level systems…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Dichucheng Li , Yongyi Zang , Qiuqiang Kong

Performance-score synchronization is an integral task in signal processing, which entails generating an accurate mapping between an audio recording of a performance and the corresponding musical score. Traditional synchronization methods…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Ruchit Agrawal , Daniel Wolff , Simon Dixon

Automatic Music Transcription (AMT) has been recognized as a key enabling technology with a wide range of applications. Given the task's complexity, best results have typically been reported for systems focusing on specific settings, e.g.…

Recent advances in pre-trained vision transformers have shown promise in parameter-efficient audio-visual learning without audio pre-training. However, few studies have investigated effective methods for aligning multimodal features in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Tanvir Mahmud , Shentong Mo , Yapeng Tian , Diana Marculescu

Recent advancements in music large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved music understanding tasks, which involve the model's ability to analyze and interpret various musical elements. These improvements primarily focused on…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Zhuoyuan Mao , Mengjie Zhao , Qiyu Wu , Hiromi Wakaki , Yuki Mitsufuji

Quantitative analysis of commonalities and differences between recorded music performances is an increasingly common task in computational musicology. A typical scenario involves manual annotation of different recordings of the same piece…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-09-28 Thassilo Gadermaier , Gerhard Widmer

Audio-aware large language models (ALLMs) have recently made great strides in understanding and processing audio inputs. These models are typically adapted from text-based large language models (LLMs) through additional training on…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Chun-Yi Kuan , Hung-yi Lee

Automatic Lyrics Transcription (ALT) aims to recognize lyrics from singing voices, similar to Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) for spoken language, but faces added complexity due to domain-specific properties of the singing voice. While…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-04 Jiawen Huang , Felipe Sousa , Emir Demirel , Emmanouil Benetos , Igor Gadelha

The speech-to-singing (STS) voice conversion task aims to generate singing samples corresponding to speech recordings while facing a major challenge: the alignment between the target (singing) pitch contour and the source (speech) content…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-25 Ruiqi Li , Rongjie Huang , Lichao Zhang , Jinglin Liu , Zhou Zhao

Music structure analysis (MSA) methods traditionally search for musically meaningful patterns in audio: homogeneity, repetition, novelty, and segment-length regularity. Hand-crafted audio features such as MFCCs or chromagrams are often used…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-03 Ju-Chiang Wang , Jordan B. L. Smith , Wei-Tsung Lu , Xuchen Song