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Recent object detectors have achieved impressive accuracy in identifying objects seen during training. However, real-world deployment often introduces novel and unexpected objects, referred to as out-of-distribution (OOD) objects, posing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Quang-Huy Nguyen , Jin Peng Zhou , Zhenzhen Liu , Khanh-Huyen Bui , Kilian Q. Weinberger , Wei-Lun Chao , Dung D. Le

Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection is important for building safe artificial intelligence systems. However, current OoD detection methods still cannot meet the performance requirements for practical deployment. In this paper, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-18 Haiwen Huang , Zhihan Li , Lulu Wang , Sishuo Chen , Bin Dong , Xinyu Zhou

Out-of-distribution detection is an important capability that has long eluded vanilla neural networks. Deep Neural networks (DNNs) tend to generate over-confident predictions when presented with inputs that are significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Sumedh A Sontakke , Buvaneswari Ramanan , Laurent Itti , Thomas Woo

Deep learning models are vulnerable to performance degradation when encountering out-of-distribution (OOD) images, potentially leading to misdiagnoses and compromised patient care. These shortcomings have led to great interest in the field…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Lars Doorenbos , Raphael Sznitman , Pablo Márquez-Neila

We study the problem of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, that is, detecting whether a learning algorithm's output can be trusted at inference time. While a number of tests for OOD detection have been proposed in prior work, a formal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-09-19 Akshayaa Magesh , Venugopal V. Veeravalli , Anirban Roy , Susmit Jha

As machine learning models continue to achieve impressive performance across different tasks, the importance of effective anomaly detection for such models has increased as well. It is common knowledge that even well-trained models lose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Ramneet Kaur , Xiayan Ji , Souradeep Dutta , Michele Caprio , Yahan Yang , Elena Bernardis , Oleg Sokolsky , Insup Lee

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is important for deploying machine learning models in safety-critical applications such as autonomous driving and robot-assisted surgery. Existing research has mainly focused on unimodal scenarios…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Hao Dong , Yue Zhao , Eleni Chatzi , Olga Fink

Motivation: Deep learning models deployed for use on medical tasks can be equipped with Out-of-Distribution Detection (OoDD) methods in order to avoid erroneous predictions. However it is unclear which OoDD method should be used in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Tianshi Cao , Chin-Wei Huang , David Yu-Tung Hui , Joseph Paul Cohen

Deep Learning models are easily disturbed by variations in the input images that were not seen during training, resulting in unpredictable behaviours. Such Out-of-Distribution (OOD) images represent a significant challenge in the context of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-28 Benjamin Lambert , Florence Forbes , Senan Doyle , Alan Tucholka , Michel Dojat

In recent years, deep neural networks have defined the state-of-the-art in semantic segmentation where their predictions are constrained to a predefined set of semantic classes. They are to be deployed in applications such as automated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Kira Maag , Tobias Riedlinger

Recent years have witnessed significant progress in the development of machine learning models across a wide range of fields, fueled by increased computational resources, large-scale datasets, and the rise of deep learning architectures.…

Recent advances in deep learning have led to breakthroughs in the development of automated skin disease classification. As we observe an increasing interest in these models in the dermatology space, it is crucial to address aspects such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Hannah Kim , Girmaw Abebe Tadesse , Celia Cintas , Skyler Speakman , Kush Varshney

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for model trustworthiness which aims to sensitively identify semantic OOD samples and robustly generalize for covariate-shifted OOD samples. However, we discover that the superior OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Qingyang Zhang , Qiuxuan Feng , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Yatao Bian , Qinghua Hu , Changqing Zhang

State-of-the-art Object Detection (OD) methods predominantly operate under a closed-world assumption, where test-time categories match those encountered during training. However, detecting and localizing unknown objects is crucial for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Daniel Montoya , Aymen Bouguerra , Alexandra Gomez-Villa , Fabio Arnez

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for deploying deep learning models in open-world environments. Existing approaches, such as energy-based scoring and gradient-projection methods, typically rely on high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-04 Zhexiao Huang , Weihao He , Shutao Deng , Junzhe Chen , Chao Yuan , Hongxin Wang , Changsheng Zhou

In the life cycle of highly automated systems operating in an open and dynamic environment, the ability to adjust to emerging challenges is crucial. For systems integrating data-driven AI-based components, rapid responses to deployment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Youssef Shoeb , Robin Chan , Gesina Schwalbe , Azarm Nowzard , Fatma Güney , Hanno Gottschalk

Learning Enabled Components (LECs) are widely being used in a variety of perception based autonomy tasks like image segmentation, object detection, end-to-end driving, etc. These components are trained with large image datasets with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-20 Vijaya Kumar Sundar , Shreyas Ramakrishna , Zahra Rahiminasab , Arvind Easwaran , Abhishek Dubey

Numerous machine learning (ML) models have been developed, including those for software engineering (SE) tasks, under the assumption that training and testing data come from the same distribution. However, training and testing distributions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yanfu Yan , Viet Duong , Huajie Shao , Denys Poshyvanyk

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are nowadays often employed in vision-based perception stacks for safetycritical applications such as autonomous driving or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Due to the safety requirements in those use…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Yannik Blei , Nicolas Jourdan , Nils Gählert

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task to ensure the reliability and security of machine learning models deployed in real-world applications. Conventional methods for OOD detection that rely on single-modal information,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-21 K Huang , G Song , Hanwen Su , Jiyan Wang
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