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The advent of gravitational wave (GW) and multi-messenger astronomy has stimulated the research on the formation mechanisms of binary black holes (BBHs) observed by LIGO/Virgo. In literature, the progenitors of these BBHs could be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-03-28 Zu-Cheng Chen , Fan Huang , Qing-Guo Huang

Recent astrophysical models predict that stellar-mass binary black holes (BBHs) could form and coalesce within a few gravitational radii of a supermassive black hole (SMBH). Detecting the gravitational waves (GWs) from such systems requires…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-02-06 Zhongfu Zhang , Xian Chen

Stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds (SGWBs) derive from the superposition of numerous individually unresolved gravitational-wave (GW) signals. Detecting SGWBs provides us with invaluable information about astrophysics, cosmology, and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-09-26 Bei Zhou , Luca Reali , Emanuele Berti , Mesut Çalışkan , Cyril Creque-Sarbinowski , Marc Kamionkowski , B. S. Sathyaprakash

The environment surrounding supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in galactic nuclei (GNs) is expected to harbour stellar-mass binary black hole (BBH) populations. These binaries were suggested to form a hierarchical triple system with the SMBH,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-12-21 László Gondán

The existence of supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) is predicted by various cosmological and evolutionary scenarios for active galactic nuclei. These objects are considered as contributors into the gravitational wave (GW) background…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-20 Leonid I. Gurvits , Alexander G. Polnarev , Sandor Frey , Oleg Titov , Angelina A. Osetrova , Xiaohui Fan , Alexey Melnikov

The detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes with masses $\sim\,80-150\,\mathrm{M_\odot}$ suggests that some proportion of black hole binary systems form hierarchically in dense astrophysical environments, as most stellar…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-08 Jordan Moncrieff , Fiona Panther

In this paper we perform a multi-messenger investigation of the efficiency of stellar scattering in tightening supermassive black hole binaries by jointly comparing models to the observed galaxy stellar core population and to results of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-01-13 C. J. Harris , Kayhan Gültekin , Laura Blecha

Recent pulsar timing array results, including the NANOGrav 15-year data set, show evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) in the nanohertz band. We present a Bayesian framework to compare three possible origins: (i) a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-28 Mengshen Wang , Zuocheng Zhang , Hua Xu

Studying how the black hole (BH) - (galaxy) bulge mass relation evolves with redshift provides valuable insights into the co-evolution of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies. However, obtaining accurate measurement of BH masses…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-03-13 Musfar Muhamed Kozhikkal , Siyuan Chen , Gilles Theureau , Melanie Habouzit , Alberto Sesana

The evolution of the supermassive Black Hole (BH) population across cosmic times remains a central unresolved issue in modern astrophysics, due to the many noticeable uncertainties in the involved physical processes that span a huge range…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-05 Andrea Lapi , Francesco Shankar , Michele Bosi , Daniel Roberts , Hao Fu , Karthik M. Varadarajan , Lumen Boco

Anisotropies in the nanohertz gravitational-wave background are a compelling next target for pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). Measurements or informative upper limits to the anisotropies are expected in the near future and can offer important…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-26 Gabriela Sato-Polito , Marc Kamionkowski

A compact binary in an eccentric orbit radiates gravitational waves (GWs) at all integer harmonics of its orbital frequency. In this study, we investigate the effect of orbital eccentricity on the expected gravitational background radiation…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Motohiro Enoki , Masahiro Nagashima

Strong evidence for an isotropic, Gaussian gravitational wave background (GWB) has been found by multiple pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). The GWB is expected to be sourced by a finite population of supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs)…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-21 William G. Lamb , Jeremy M. Wachter , Andrea Mitridate , Shashwat C. Sardesai , Bence Bécsy , Emily L. Hagen , Stephen R. Taylor , Luke Zoltan Kelley

Massive stellar origin black hole binaries (SBHBs), originating from stars above the pair-instability mass gap, are primary candidates for multiband gravitational wave (GW) observations. Here we study the possibility to use them as…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-02-16 Niccolò Muttoni , Alberto Mangiagli , Alberto Sesana , Danny Laghi , Walter Del Pozzo , David Izquierdo-Villalba , Mattia Rosati

The stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) from eccentric stellar-mass binary black holes (SBBHs) holds crucial clues to their origins. For the first time, we employ a Bayesian framework to assess the detectability and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-30 Zheng-Cheng Liang , Zhi-Yuan Li , Yi-Ming Hu

While supermassive black-hole (SMBH)-binaries are not the only viable source for the low-frequency gravitational wave background (GWB) signal evidenced by the most recent pulsar timing array (PTA) data sets, they are expected to be the most…

We use population inference to explore the impact that uncertainties in the distribution of binary black holes (BBH) have on the astrophysical gravitational-wave background (AGWB). Our results show that the AGWB monopole is sensitive to the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-03-25 Alexander C. Jenkins , Richard O'Shaughnessy , Mairi Sakellariadou , Daniel Wysocki

Dynamics of stellar mass black holes (sBHs) embedded in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) could produce highly eccentric orbits near the central supermassive black hole, leading to repeated close encounters that emit gravitational waves in the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-04-29 Peter Lott , Christian Faulhaber , Joshua Brandt , Gongjie Li , Hareesh Bhaskar , Laura Cadonati

Third-generation ground-based gravitational wave detectors are expected to observe $\mathcal{O}(10^5)$ of overlapping signals per year from a multitude of astrophysical sources that will be computationally challenging to resolve…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-15 G. Giarda , A. I. Renzini , C. Pacilio , D. Gerosa

Supermassive black hole (SMBH) binary systems are unavoidable outcomes of galaxy mergers. Their dynamics encode information about their formation and growth, the composition of their host galactic nuclei, the evolution of galaxies, and the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-02-17 Hanxi Wang , Miguel Zumalacárregui , Bence Kocsis
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