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The NANOGrav, PPTA, EPTA, CPTA and MPTA collaborations have reported compelling evidence for the existence of the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background (SGWB). This inferred background's amplitude and frequency spectrum align closely…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-08 Zhao-Qiang Shen , Guan-Wen Yuan , Yi-Ying Wang , Yuan-Zhu Wang , Yin-Jie Li , Yi-Zhong Fan

JWST observations have opened a new chapter in studies of supermassive black holes (SMBHs), stimulating discussion of two puzzles: the abundance of SMBHs in the early Universe and the fraction of dual AGNs. In this paper we argue that the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-20 John Ellis , Malcolm Fairbairn , Gert Hütsi , Juan Urrutia , Ville Vaskonen , Hardi Veermäe

A large population of binary systems in the Universe emitting gravitational waves (GW) would produce a stochastic noise, known as the gravitational wave background (GWB). The properties of the GWB directly depend on the attributes of its…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-04 Mikel Falxa , Hippolyte Quelquejay Leclere , Alberto Sesana

Massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) produce gravitational waves (GWs) that are detectable with pulsar timing arrays. We determine the properties of the host galaxies of simulated MBHBs at the time they are producing detectable GW signals.…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-01-28 Katharine Cella , Stephen R. Taylor , Luke Zoltan Kelley

Gravitational waves (GWs) in the nano-hertz band are great tools for understanding the cosmological evolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in galactic nuclei. We consider SMBH binaries in high-$z$ ultra-luminous infrared galaxies…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-09-18 Kohei Inayoshi , Kohei Ichikawa , Zoltan Haiman

Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) reside at the center of every massive galaxy in the local Universe with masses that closely correlate with observations of their host galaxy implying a connected evolutionary history. The population of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-06-06 Joseph Simon

The formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the Universe and its role in the properties of the galaxies is one of the open questions in astrophysics and cosmology. Though, traditionally, electromagnetic waves have been instrumental…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-02-16 Vida Saeedzadeh , Suvodip Mukherjee , Arif Babul , Michael Tremmel , Thomas R. Quinn

Inspiraling massive black-hole binaries (MBHBs) forming in the aftermath of galaxy mergers are expected to be the loudest gravitational-wave (GW) sources relevant for pulsar-timing arrays (PTAs) at nHz frequencies. The incoherent overlap of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-06-14 Matteo Bonetti , Alberto Sesana , Enrico Barausse , Francesco Haardt

Supermassive black hole binary systems (SMBHBs) should be the most powerful sources of gravitational waves (GWs) in the Universe. Once Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) detect the stochastic GW background from their cosmic merger history,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-06-26 Nicole M. Khusid , Chiara M. F. Mingarelli , Priyamvada Natarajan , J. Andrew Casey-Clyde , Anna Barnacka

The gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive binary black holes (BBHs) are long sought by pulsar timing array experiments (PTAs), in the forms of both a stochastic GW background (GWB) and individual sources. The evidence for a GWB was…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-09-27 Yunfeng Chen , Qingjuan Yu , Youjun Lu

We study the orbital evolution and gravitational wave (GW) emission of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries formed in gas-free mergers of massive early-type galaxies using the hybrid tree-regularized N-body code KETJU. The evolution of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-12-11 Matias Mannerkoski , Peter H. Johansson , Pauli Pihajoki , Antti Rantala , Thorsten Naab

The most massive black holes in our Universe form binaries at the centre of merging galaxies. The recent evidence for a gravitational-wave (GW) background from pulsar timing may constitute the first observation that these supermassive black…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-08-09 Jakob Stegmann , Lorenz Zwick , Sander M. Vermeulen , Fabio Antonini , Lucio Mayer

Massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) are unavoidable outcomes of the hierarchical structure formation process, and according to the theory of general relativity are expected to be the loudest gravitational wave (GW) sources in the Universe.…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 A. Sesana

The gravitational wave (GW) signal from binary black hole (BBH) mergers is a promising probe of Population III (Pop III) stars. To fully unleash the power of the GW probe, one important step is to understand the relative importance and…

The recent detection of a common-spectrum stochastic signal by multiple pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations has provided tentative evidence for a nanohertz (nHz) stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB). This signal can be…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-22 Mohit Raj Sah , Suvodip Mukherjee

We investigate the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) generated by primordial black holes (PBHs) in the dense cores of dwarf galaxies (DGs), considering both hierarchical binary black hole (BBH) mergers and close hyperbolic…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-02 Tadeo D. Gòmez-Aguilar , Encieh Erfani , N. M. Jimènez Cruz

Intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs) formed in active galactic nucleus (AGN) disks are expected to inspiral into their central supermassive black holes (SMBHs), generating a stochastic gravitational-wave (GW) background in the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-02-11 Chiara M. F. Mingarelli

We use large N-body simulations and empirical scaling relations between dark matter halos, galaxies, and supermassive black holes to estimate the formation rates of supermassive black hole binaries and the resulting low-frequency stochastic…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-03-11 Elinore Roebber , Gilbert Holder , Daniel Holz , Michael Warren

We test the impact of an evolving supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass scaling relation (Mbh-Mbulge) on the predictions for the gravitational wave background (GWB). The observed GWB amplitude is 2-3 times higher than predicted by…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-01-28 Cayenne Matt , Kayhan Gultekin , Luke Kelley , Laura Blecha , Joseph Simon , Gabriella Agazie , Akash Anumarlapudi , Anne Archibald , Zaven Arzoumanian , Jeremy Baier , Paul Baker , Bence Bécsy , Adam Brazier , Paul Brook , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , Rand Burnette , Robin Case , James Casey-Clyde , Maria Charisi , Shami Chatterjee , Tyler Cohen , James Cordes , Neil Cornish , Fronefield Crawford , H. Thankful Cromartie , Kathryn Crowter , Megan DeCesar , Paul Demorest , Heling Deng , Lankeswar Dey , Timothy Dolch , Elizabeth Ferrara , William Fiore , Emmanuel Fonseca , Gabriel Freedman , Emiko Gardiner , Nate Garver-Daniels , Peter Gentile , Kyle Gersbach , Joseph Glaser , Deborah Good , C. Harris , Jeffrey Hazboun , Ross Jennings , Aaron Johnson , Megan Jones , David Kaplan , Matthew Kerr , Joey Key , Nima Laal , Michael Lam , William Lamb , Bjorn Larsen , T. Lazio , Natalia Lewandowska , Tingting Liu , Duncan Lorimer , Jing Luo , Ryan Lynch , Chung-Pei Ma , Dustin Madison , Alexander McEwen , James McKee , Maura McLaughlin , Natasha McMann , Bradley Meyers , Patrick Meyers , Chiara Mingarelli , Andrea Mitridate , Cherry Ng , David Nice , Stella Ocker , Ken Olum , Timothy Pennucci , Benetge Perera , Polina Petrov , Nihan Pol , Henri Radovan , Scott Ransom , Paul Ray , Joseph Romano , Jessie Runnoe , Alexander Saffer , Shashwat Sardesai , A. Schmiedekamp , Carl Schmiedekamp , Kai Schmitz , Brent Shapiro-Albert , Xavier Siemens , Sophia Sosa Fiscella , Ingrid Stairs , Daniel Stinebring , Kevin Stovall , Abhimanyu Susobhanan , Joseph Swiggum , Jacob Taylor , Stephen Taylor , Mercedes Thompson , Jacob Turner , Michele Vallisneri , Rutger van Haasteren , Sarah Vigeland , Haley Wahl , Kevin Wilson , Caitlin Witt , David Wright , Olivia Young

Context: The astrophysical gravitational wave background (AGWB) is a stochastic gravitational wave (GW) signal that is emitted by different populations of inspiralling binary systems containing compact objects throughout the Universe. In…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-10-16 Sophie Hofman , Gijs Nelemans