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The phenomenon of quantum entanglement underlies several important protocols that enable emerging quantum technologies. Entangled states, however, are extremely delicate and often get perturbed by tiny fluctuations in their external…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-07 Jitendra Joshi , Mir Alimuddin , T S Mahesh , Manik Banik

Estimation of quantum states and measurements is crucial for the implementation of quantum information protocols. The standard method for each is quantum tomography. However, quantum tomography suffers from systematic errors caused by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-19 Adam C. Keith , Charles H. Baldwin , Scott Glancy , E. Knill

Entanglement is a fundamental aspect of quantum physics, both conceptually and for its many applications. Classifying an arbitrary multipartite state as entangled or separable -- a task referred to as the separability problem -- poses a…

The efficient and reliable certification of quantum states is essential for various quantum information processing tasks as well as for the general progress on the implementation of quantum technologies. In the last few years several…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-10 Xiao-Dong Yu , Jiangwei Shang , Otfried Gühne

Qubit-resolved operations and measurements are required for most current quantum information processing schemes. However, these operations can be experimentally costly due to the need for local addressing, demanding significant classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Liang Mao , Yifei Wang , Yingfei Gu , Chengshu Li

Can one certify the preparation of a coherent, many-body quantum state by measurements with bounded accuracy in the presence of noise and decoherence? Here, we introduce a criterion to assess the fragility of large-scale quantum states…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-15 Florian Fröwis , Maarten van den Nest , Wolfgang Dür

Characterizing increasingly complex quantum systems is a central task in quantum information science, yet experimental costs often scale prohibitively with system size. Certifying key properties using simple local measurements is highly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Zhenyu Du , Jinchang Liu , Elias X. Huber , Zi-Wen Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

Entangled quantum states are essential ingredients for many quantum technologies, but they must be validated before they are used. As a full characterization is prohibitively resource-intensive, recent work has focused on developing methods…

Reconstructing the state of a complex quantum system represents a pivotal task for all quantum information applications, both for characterization purposes and for verification of quantum protocols. Recent technological developments have…

Continuous-variable quantum states are of particular importance in various quantum information processing tasks including quantum communication and quantum sensing. However, a bottleneck has emerged with the fast increasing in size of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-13 Ye-Chao Liu , Jiangwei Shang , Xiangdong Zhang

Quantum state tomography, the ability to deduce the state of a quantum system from measured data, is the gold standard for verification and benchmarking of quantum devices. It has been realized in systems with few components, but for larger…

The concept of entanglement and separability of quantum states is relevant for several fields in physics. Still, there is a lack of effective operational methods to characterise these features. We propose a method to certify quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-06 Ties-A. Ohst , Xiao-Dong Yu , Otfried Gühne , H. Chau Nguyen

The accurate characterization of quantum systems is essential for the advancement of quantum technologies. In particular, certifying convex functions of quantum states plays a central role in many applications. We present a certification…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 Leonardo Zambrano , Teodor Parella-Dilmé , Antonio Acín , Donato Farina

Efficient characterization of highly entangled multi-particle systems is an outstanding challenge in quantum science. Recent developments have shown that a modest number of randomized measurements suffices to learn many properties of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-13 Katherine Van Kirk , Jordan Cotler , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Mikhail D. Lukin

Quantum state tomography (QST) is the process of reconstructing the state of a quantum system (mathematically described as a density matrix) through a series of different measurements, which can be solved by learning a parameterized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-31 Hailan Ma , Zhenhong Sun , Daoyi Dong , Chunlin Chen , Herschel Rabitz

A prerequisite to the successful development of quantum computers and simulators is precise understanding of physical processes occurring therein, which can be achieved by measuring the quantum states they produce. However, the resources…

The preparation and certification of quantum states is a fundamental challenge across quantum information technology. We introduce a tomography-free state certification method that lower-bounds the fidelity by estimating expectation values…

Verification is a task to check whether a given quantum state is close to an ideal state or not. In this paper, we show that a variety of many-qubit quantum states can be verified with only sequential single-qubit measurements of Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-13 Yuki Takeuchi , Tomoyuki Morimae

Quantum state tomography serves as a key tool for identifying quantum states generated in quantum computers and simulators, typically involving local operations on individual particles or qubits to enable independent measurements. However,…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2026-03-26 Giacomo Marmorini , Takeshi Fukuhara , Daisuke Yamamoto

Although the realization of useful quantum computers poses significant challenges, swift progress in emerging quantum technologies is making this goal realistically approachable. In this context, one of the essential resources is quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-11 Valeria Saggio , Philip Walther
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