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The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a gravitational wave detector in space. It relies on a post-processing technique named time-delay interferometry (TDI) to suppress the overwhelming laser frequency noise by several orders of…

Space-borne interferometric gravitational wave detectors, sensitive in the low-frequency (millihertz) band, will fly in the next decade. In these detectors the spacecraft-to-spacecraft light-travel-times will necessarily be unequal,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Massimo Tinto , Frank B. Estabrook , adn J. W. Armstrong

In early 2024, ESA formally adopted the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) space mission with the aim of measuring gravitational waves emitted in the millihertz range. The constellation employs three spacecraft that exchange laser…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-15 Shivani Harer , Martin Staab , Hubert Halloin

The proposed Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission is tasked with the detection and characterization of gravitational waves from various sources in the universe. This endeavor is challenged by transient displacement and…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2024-05-21 Niklas Houba , Luigi Ferraioli , Domenico Giardini

Time delay interferometry (TDI) is essential for suppressing laser frequency noise and achieving the targeted sensitivity for space-borne gravitational wave (GW) missions. In Paper I, we examined the performance of the fiducial…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-01 Gang Wang

In the detection of gravitational waves in space, the arm lengths between spacecraft are not equal due to their orbital motion. Consequently, the equal arm length Michelson interferometer used in Earth laboratories is not suitable for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-06-21 Gang Wang

Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is essential for suppressing laser frequency noise in space-based gravitational wave (GW) observatories such as LISA. However, current second-generation TDI schemes often exhibit undesirable null frequencies…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-19 Gang Wang

The LISA mission is a space interferometer aiming at the detection of gravitational waves in the [$10^{-4}$,$10^{-1}$] Hz frequency band. In order to reach the gravitational wave detection level, a Time Delay Interferometry (TDI) method…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 S. Pireaux

LISA will detect gravitational waves (GWs) in the milli-Hz frequency band in space. Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is developed to suppress laser frequency noise beneath the acceleration noise and optical metrology noise. To identify…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-08-30 Gang Wang , Bin Li , Peng Xu , Xilong Fan

We report on three numerical experiments on the implementation of Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) for LISA, performed with Synthetic LISA, a C++/Python package that we developed to simulate the LISA science process at the level of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Michele Vallisneri

In an effort to eliminate laser phase noise in laser interferometer spaceborne gravitational wave detectors, several combinations of signals have been found that allow the laser noise to be canceled out while gravitational wave signals…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-11-19 Neil J. Cornish , Ronald W. Hellings

Time-delay interferometry (TDI) is a data processing technique for space-based gravitational-wave detectors to create laser-noise-free equal-optical-path-length interferometers virtually on the ground. It relies on the interspacecraft…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-14 Jan Niklas Reinhardt , Philipp Euringer , Olaf Hartwig , Gerald Hechenblaikner , Gerhard Heinzel , Kohei Yamamoto

Spaceborne gravitational-wave observatories utilize a postprocessing technique known as time-delay interferometry (TDI) to reduce the otherwise overwhelming laser frequency noise by around 8 orders of magnitude. While, in its traditional…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-11 Kohei Yamamoto , Jan Niklas Reinhardt , Olaf Hartwig

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique that cancels the large laser phase fluctuations affecting the one-way Doppler measurements made by unequal-arm space-based gravitational wave interferometers. By taking finite…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-08-25 Massimo Tinto , Sanjeev Dhurandhar , Prasanna Joshi

Space-based gravitational wave detectors cannot keep rigid structures and precise arm length equality, so the precise equality of detector arms which is required in a ground-based interferometer to cancel the overwhelming laser noise is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-09-25 Chunyu Zhang , Qing Gao , Yungui Gong , Dicong Liang , Alan J. Weinstein , Chao Zhang

In this work, we have built an experimental setup to simulate the clock noise transmission with two spacecrafts and two optical links, and further demonstrated the extraction of picometer level signal drowned by the large laser frequency…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-31 Mingyang Xu , Yujie Tan , Yurong Liang , Jiawen Zhi , Xiaoyang Guo , Dan Luo , Panpan Wang , Hanzhong Wu , Chenggang Shao

Time-Delay Interferometry (TDI) is the data processing technique that cancels the large laser phase fluctuations affecting the one-way Doppler measurements made by unequal-arm space-based gravitational wave interferometers. By taking finite…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-05-11 Sanjeev Dhurandhar , Prasanna Joshi , Massimo Tinto

The method of time delay interferometry (TDI) is proposed to cancel the laser noise in space-borne gravitational-wave detectors. Among all different TDI combinations, the most commonly used ones are the orthogonal channels A, E and T, where…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-08-09 Zheng-Cheng Liang , Zhi-Yuan Li , Jun Cheng , En-Kun Li , Jian-dong Zhang , Yi-Ming Hu

LISA is a joint space mission of the NASA and the ESA for detecting low frequency gravitational waves in the band $10^{-5} - 1$ Hz. In order to attain the requisite sensitivity for LISA, the laser frequency noise must be suppressed below…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-12-18 S. V. Dhurandhar , J-Y. Vinet , K. Rajesh Nayak

Tilt-to-length (TTL) noise from angular jitter in LISA is projected to be the dominant noise source in the milli-Hertz band unless corrected in post-processing. The correction is only possible after removing the overwhelming laser phase…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-02-01 Daniel George , Jose Sanjuan , Paul Fulda , Guido Mueller