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Nowadays, there are outstanding strides towards a future with autonomous vehicles on our roads. While the perception of autonomous vehicles performs well under closed-set conditions, they still struggle to handle the unexpected. This survey…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Daniel Bogdoll , Maximilian Nitsche , J. Marius Zöllner

A main driver behind the digitization of industry and society is the belief that data-driven model building and decision making can contribute to higher degrees of automation and more informed decisions. Building such models from data often…

End-to-end driving systems have made rapid progress, but have so far not been applied to the challenging new CARLA Leaderboard 2.0. Further, while there is a large body of literature on end-to-end architectures and training strategies, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Julian Zimmerlin , Jens Beißwenger , Bernhard Jaeger , Andreas Geiger , Kashyap Chitta

Highly automated driving requires precise models of traffic participants. Many state of the art models are currently based on machine learning techniques. Among others, the required amount of labeled data is one major challenge. An…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Maarten Bieshaar , Günther Reitberger , Viktor Kreß , Stefan Zernetsch , Konrad Doll , Erich Fuchs , Bernhard Sick

The research community has increasing interest in autonomous driving research, despite the resource intensity of obtaining representative real world data. Existing self-driving datasets are limited in the scale and variation of the…

Breakthroughs in machine learning in the last decade have led to `digital intelligence', i.e. machine learning models capable of learning from vast amounts of labeled data to perform several digital tasks such as speech recognition, face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Devendra Singh Chaplot

The Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), proposed in 2000, has become a foundational tool in traffic flow modeling, renowned for its simplicity, computational efficiency, and ability to capture diverse traffic dynamics. Over the past 25 years,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-11-25 Shirui Zhou , Shiteng Zheng , Junfang Tian , Rui Jiang , and H. M. Zhang

Autonomous driving systems have witnessed a significant development during the past years thanks to the advance in machine learning-enabled sensing and decision-making algorithms. One critical challenge for their massive deployment in the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Wenhao Ding , Chejian Xu , Mansur Arief , Haohong Lin , Bo Li , Ding Zhao

Since DARPA Grand Challenges (rural) in 2004/05 and Urban Challenges in 2007, autonomous driving has been the most active field of AI applications. Almost at the same time, deep learning has made breakthrough by several pioneers, three of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Yu Huang , Yue Chen

Automated driving in level 3 autonomy has been adopted by multiple companies such as Tesla and BMW, alleviating the burden on drivers while unveiling new complexities. This article focused on the under-explored territory of micro accidents…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Wei Xiang , Chuyue Zhang , Jie Yan

Safety and cost are two important concerns for the development of autonomous driving technologies. From the academic research to commercial applications of autonomous driving vehicles, sufficient simulation and real world testing are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Xuemin Hu , Shen Li , Tingyu Huang , Bo Tang , Rouxing Huai , Long Chen

Autonomous driving has garnered significant attention in recent years, especially in optimizing vehicle performance under varying conditions. This paper addresses the challenge of maintaining maximum speed stability in low-speed autonomous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Benny Bao-Sheng Li , Elena Wu , Hins Shao-Xuan Yang , Nicky Yao-Jin Liang

Autonomous driving has attracted significant attention from both academia and industries, which is expected to offer a safer and more efficient driving system. However, current autonomous driving systems are mostly based on a single…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Senkang Hu , Zhengru Fang , Yiqin Deng , Xianhao Chen , Yuguang Fang

Machine Learning (ML) seems to be one of the most promising solution to automate partially or completely some of the complex tasks currently realized by humans, such as driving vehicles, recognizing voice, etc. It is also an opportunity to…

Autonomous driving has long relied on modular "Perception-Decision-Action" pipelines, where hand-crafted interfaces and rule-based components often break down in complex or long-tailed scenarios. Their cascaded design further propagates…

Autonomous cars can perform poorly for many reasons. They may have perception issues, incorrect dynamics models, be unaware of obscure rules of human traffic systems, or follow certain rules too conservatively. Regardless of the exact…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-08-28 Nicholas C. Landolfi , Anca D. Dragan

Place recognition is the fundamental module that can assist Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) in loop-closure detection and re-localization for long-term navigation. The place recognition community has made astonishing progress…

Autonomous vehicle navigation in complex environments such as dense and fast-moving highways and merging scenarios remains an active area of research. A key limitation of RL is its reliance on well-specified reward functions, which often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Timur Anvar , Jeffrey Chen , Yuyan Wang , Rohan Chandra

Since the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge, the autonomous driving technology has witnessed nearly two decades of rapid development. Particularly, in recent years, with the application of new sensors and deep learning technologies extending to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Hui Cao , Wenlong Zou , Yinkun Wang , Ting Song , Mengjun Liu

Over the past few years, deep learning techniques have achieved tremendous success in many visual understanding tasks such as object detection, image segmentation, and caption generation. Despite this thriving in computer vision and natural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Anh Nguyen