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Blockchain is an incrementally updated ledger maintained by distributed nodes rather than centralized organizations. The current blockchain technology faces scalability issues, which include two aspects: low transaction throughput and high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Xiangyu Wang , Ting Yang , Yu Wang

This thesis introduces a formal general framework for scaling blockchain protocols by sharding. The framework is modular and it can be adjusted for different needs or sets of assumptions. We prove that sharded protocols obtained by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Zuphit Fidelman

The main problem faced by smart contract platforms is the amount of time and computational power required to reach consensus. In a classical blockchain model, each operation is in fact performed by each node, both to update the status and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Alessio Meneghetti , Tommaso Parise , Massimiliano Sala , Daniele Taufer

Blockchain databases have attracted widespread attention but suffer from poor scalability due to underlying non-scalable blockchains. While blockchain sharding is necessary for a scalable blockchain database, it poses a new challenge named…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Zicong Hong , Song Guo , Enyuan Zhou , Wuhui Chen , Huawei Huang , Albert Zomaya

Sharding has emerged as a critical solution to address the scalability challenges faced by blockchain networks, enabling them to achieve higher transaction throughput, reduced latency, and optimized resource usage. This paper investigates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ziwei Wang , Cong Wu , Paolo Tasca

State-of-the-art blockchain sharding solutions such as Monoxide, can cause severely imbalanced distribution of transaction (TX) workloads across all blockchain shards due to the deployment policy of their accounts. Imbalanced TX…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Huawei Huang , Zhaokang Yin , Qinde Chen , Guang Ye , Xiaowen Peng , Yue Lin , Zibin Zheng , Song Guo

Blockchain has received much attention in recent years. This immense popularity has raised a number of concerns, scalability of blockchain systems being a common one. In this paper, we seek to understand how Ethereum, a well-established…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Enrique Fynn , Fernando Pedone

Integrating sharded blockchain with IoT presents a solution for trust issues and optimized data flow. Sharding boosts blockchain scalability by dividing its nodes into parallel shards, yet it's vulnerable to the $1\%$ attacks where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Zixu Zhang , Guangsheng Yu , Caijun Sun , Xu Wang , Ying Wang , Ming Zhang , Wei Ni , Ren Ping Liu , Andrew Reeves , Nektarios Georgalas

This paper addresses the data transfer scheduling problem for Grid environments, presenting a centralized scheduler developed with dynamic and adaptive features. The algorithm offers a reservation system for user transfer requests that…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2009-01-06 Alexandra Carpen-Amarie , Mugurel Ionut Andreica , Valentin Cristea

Bitcoin, as well as many of its successors, require the whole transaction record to be reliably acquired by all nodes to prevent double-spending. Recently, many blockchains have been proposed to achieve scale-out throughput by letting nodes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-18 Zhijie Ren , Kelong Cong , Taico V. Aerts , Bart A. P. de Jonge , Alejandro F. Morais , Zekeriya Erkin

Chainspace is a decentralized infrastructure, known as a distributed ledger, that supports user defined smart contracts and executes user-supplied transactions on their objects. The correct execution of smart contract transactions is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-08-15 Mustafa Al-Bassam , Alberto Sonnino , Shehar Bano , Dave Hrycyszyn , George Danezis

Blockchain technology facilitates the development of decentralized systems that ensure trust and transparency without the need for expensive centralized intermediaries. However, existing blockchain architectures particularly consortium…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Qi Xia , Hu Xia , Isaac Amankona Obiri , Adjei-Arthur Bonsu , Grace Mupoyi Ntuala , Ansu Badjie , Tienin Bole Wilfried , Jiaqin Liu , Lan Ma , Jianbin Gao , Feng Yao

Blockchain sharding is a promising approach to solving the dilemma between decentralisation and high performance (transaction throughput) for blockchain. The main challenge of Blockchain sharding systems is how to reach a decision on a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Yibin Xu , Yangyu Huang , Jianhua Shao , George Theodorakopoulos

With the development of decentralized consensus protocols, permissionless blockchains have been envisioned as a promising enabler for the general-purpose transaction-driven, autonomous systems. However, most of the prevalent blockchain…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-11-19 Zhengwei Ni , Wenbo Wang , Dong In Kim , Ping Wang , Dusit Niyato

Decentralized resource markets are Web 3.0 applications that build open-access platforms for trading digital resources among users without any central management. They promise cost reduction, transparency, and flexible service provision.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Mohamed E. Najd , Ghada Almashaqbeh

Blockchain technology offers decentralization and security but struggles with scalability, particularly in enterprise settings where efficiency and controlled access are paramount. Sharding is a promising solution for private blockchains,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 M. Z. Haider , M. Dias de Assuncao , Kaiwen Zhang

Sharding is essential for improving blockchain scalability. Existing protocols overlook diverse adversarial attacks, limiting transaction throughput. This paper presents Reticulum, a groundbreaking sharding protocol addressing this issue,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Yibin Xu , Jingyi Zheng , Boris Düdder , Tijs Slaats , Yongluan Zhou

Blockchain networks offer decentralization, transparency, and immutability for managing critical data but encounter scalability problems as the number of network members and transaction issuers grows. Sharding is considered a promising…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Yongrae Jo , Chanik Park

Cryptocurrencies, implemented with blockchain protocols, promise to become a global payment system if they can overcome performance limitations. Rapidly advancing architectures improve on latency and throughput, but most require all…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-17 Alex Manuskin , Michael Mirkin , Ittay Eyal

We present a new blocking linearizable stack implementation which utilizes sharding and fetch&increment to achieve significantly better performance than all existing concurrent stacks. The proposed implementation is based on a novel…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Ajay Singh , Nikos Metaxakis , Panagiota Fatourou