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Causal discovery aims to infer causal relationships among variables from observational data, typically represented by a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Most existing methods assume independent and identically distributed observations, an…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-27 Alex Chen , Qing Zhou

To represent the causal relationships between variables, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is widely utilized in many areas, such as social sciences, epidemics, and genetics. Many causal structure learning approaches are developed to learn the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-14 Jianian Wang , Rui Song

The use of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to represent conditional independence relations among random variables has proved fruitful in a variety of ways. Recursive structural equation models are one kind of DAG model. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-21 Peter L. Spirtes

We introduce a new method to estimate the Markov equivalence class of a directed acyclic graph (DAG) in the presence of hidden variables, in settings where the underlying DAG among the observed variables is sparse, and there are a few…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-08-07 Benjamin Frot , Preetam Nandy , Marloes H. Maathuis

This paper explores the role of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) as a representation of conditional independence relationships. We show that DAGs offer polynomially sound and complete inference mechanisms for inferring conditional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-10 Dan Geiger , Judea Pearl

Graphical models based on Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) are widely used to answer causal questions across a variety of scientific and social disciplines. However, observational data alone cannot distinguish in general between DAGs…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-03 Federico Castelletti , Guido Consonni

We show that the marginal model for a discrete directed acyclic graph (DAG) with hidden variables is distributionally equivalent to another fully observable DAG model if and only if it does not induce any non-trivial inequality constraints.

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-12-06 Robin J. Evans

Deterministic variables are variables that are fully explained by one or more parent variables. They commonly arise when a variable has been algebraically constructed from one or more parent variables, as with composite variables, and in…

Causal discovery from observational data is a challenging task that can only be solved up to a set of equivalent solutions, called an equivalence class. Such classes, which are often large in size, encode uncertainties about the orientation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Philippe Brouillard , Perouz Taslakian , Alexandre Lacoste , Sebastien Lachapelle , Alexandre Drouin

Acyclic directed mixed graphs (ADMGs) are graphs that contain directed ($\rightarrow$) and bidirected ($\leftrightarrow$) edges, subject to the constraint that there are no cycles of directed edges. Such graphs may be used to represent the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-08-15 Robin J. Evans , Thomas S. Richardson

Directed acyclic graph (DAG) models are popular for capturing causal relationships. From observational and interventional data, a DAG model can only be determined up to its \emph{interventional Markov equivalence class} (I-MEC). We…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-03-07 Dmitriy Katz , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Chandler Squires , Caroline Uhler

Unobserved confounding is one of the greatest challenges for causal discovery. The case in which unobserved variables have a widespread effect on many of the observed ones is particularly difficult because most pairs of variables are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-05-26 Alexis Bellot , Mihaela van der Schaar

Causal models seek to unravel the cause-effect relationships among variables from observed data, as opposed to mere mappings among them, as traditional regression models do. This paper introduces a novel causal discovery algorithm designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Saeed Mohseni-Sehdeh , Walid Saad

We consider a binary response which is potentially affected by a set of continuous variables. Of special interest is the causal effect on the response due to an intervention on a specific variable. The latter can be meaningfully determined…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-09-11 Federico Castelletti , Guido Consonni

We propose a method to classify the causal relationship between two discrete variables given only the joint distribution of the variables, acknowledging that the method is subject to an inherent baseline error. We assume that the causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-07 Krzysztof Chalupka , Frederick Eberhardt , Pietro Perona

Causal models with unobserved variables impose nontrivial constraints on the distributions over the observed variables. When a common cause of two variables is unobserved, it is impossible to uncover the causal relation between them without…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-12-14 Beata Zjawin , Elie Wolfe , Robert W. Spekkens

In multivariate statistics, acyclic mixed graphs with directed and bidirected edges are widely used for compact representation of dependence structures that can arise in the presence of hidden (i.e., latent or unobserved) variables. Indeed,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-08-20 Christopher J. Fox , Andreas Käufl , Mathias Drton

We investigate causal inference in the asymptotic regime as the number of variables approaches infinity using an information-theoretic framework. We define structural entropy of a causal model in terms of its description complexity measured…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Sridhar Mahadevan

Causal structure learning from observational data remains a non-trivial task due to various factors such as finite sampling, unobserved confounding factors, and measurement errors. Constraint-based and score-based methods tend to suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Rezaur Rashid , Jawad Chowdhury , Gabriel Terejanu

We initiate the study of counting Markov Equivalence Classes (MEC) under logical constraints. MECs are equivalence classes of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) that encode the same conditional independence structure among the random variables…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Davide Bizzaro , Luciano Serafini , Sagar Malhotra