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We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for there to exist a latin square of order $n$ containing two subsquares of order $a$ and $b$ that intersect in a subsquare of order $c$. We also solve the case of two disjoint subsquares. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-09-21 Joshua M. Browning , Petr Vojtěchovský , Ian M. Wanless

A pair of orthogonal latin cubes of order $q$ is equivalent to an MDS code with distance $3$ or to an ${\rm OA}_1(3,5,q)$ orthogonal array. We construct pairs of orthogonal latin cubes for a sequence of previously unknown orders…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-30 Vladimir N. Potapov

In this note, we study large deviations of the number $\mathbf{N}$ of intercalates ($2\times2$ combinatorial subsquares which are themselves Latin squares) in a random $n\times n$ Latin square. In particular, for constant $\delta>0$ we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-23 Matthew Kwan , Ashwin Sah , Mehtaab Sawhney

A Latin square of order $n$ is an $n$ by $n$ grid filled using $n$ symbols so that each symbol appears exactly once in each row and column. A transversal in a Latin square is a collection of cells which share no symbol, row or column. The…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-10-31 Richard Montgomery

A multi-latin square of order $n$ and index $k$ is an $n\times n$ array of multisets, each of cardinality $k$, such that each symbol from a fixed set of size $n$ occurs $k$ times in each row and $k$ times in each column. A multi-latin…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-07-26 Nicholas Cavenagh , Carlo Hamalainen , James G. Lefevre , Douglas S. Stones

Do you want to know what an anti-chiece Latin square is? Or what a non-consecutive toroidal modular Latin square is? We invented a ton of new types of Latin squares, some inspired by existing Sudoku variations. We can't wait to introduce…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2021-09-06 Michael Han , Tanya Khovanova , Ella Kim , Evin Liang , Miriam , Lubashev , Oleg Polin , Vaibhav Rastogi , Benjamin Taycher , Ada Tsui , Cindy Wei

A $k$-plane of a $d$-dimensional array is a subarray formed by fixing $d-k$ coordinates and allowing the remaining $k$ coordinates to vary freely. A Latin hypercube of dimension $d$ and order $n$ is an $n\times n\times\cdots\times n$ array…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Billy Child , Ian M. Wanless

A Latin square of side n defines in a natural way a finite geometry on 3n points, with three lines of size n and n^2 lines of size 3. A Latin square of side n with a transversal similarly defines a finite geometry on 3n+1 points, with three…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-08-26 Lou M. Pretorius , Konrad J. Swanepoel

A partial transversal $T$ of a Latin square $L$ is a set of entries of $L$ in which each row, column and symbol is represented at most once. A partial transversal is maximal if it is not contained in a larger partial transversal. Any…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-02 Anthony B. Evans , Adam Mammoliti , Ian Wanless

We consider the problem of constructing Latin cubes subject to the condition that some symbols may not appear in certain cells. We prove that there is a constant $\gamma > 0$ such that if $n=2t$ and $A$ is a $3$-dimensional $n\times n\times…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-04-17 Carl Johan Casselgren , Lan Anh Pham

Commonly the direct construction and the description of mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLS) makes use of difference or quasi-difference matrices. Now there exists a correspondence between MOLS and separable permutation codes. We like…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-04 Ingo Janiszczak , Reiner Staszewski

A defining set of a Latin square is a partially filled-in Latin square which completes to no other Latin square of the same order. We introduce the concept of a $k$-strong defining set, in which if less than $k$ entries are deleted, the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Richard Bean , Nicholas Cavenagh

An arrangement of s elements in s rows and s columns, such that no element repeats more than once in each row and each column is called a Latin square of order s. If two Latin squares of the same order superimposed one on the other and in…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2011-11-09 R. N. Mohan , Moon Ho Lee , Subash Pokreal

A Latin square has six conjugate Latin squares obtained by uniformly permuting its (row, column, symbol) triples. We say that a Latin square has conjugate symmetry if at least two of its six conjugates are equal. We enumerate Latin squares…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-09 Brendan D. McKay , Ian M. Wanless

For every positive integer $n$ greater than $4$ there is a set of Latin squares of order $n$ such that every permutation of the numbers $1,\ldots,n$ appears exactly once as a row, a column, a reverse row or a reverse column of one of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-11 Stephan Foldes , András Kaszanyitzky , Laszlo Major

In a Latin square, every row can be interpreted as a permutation, and therefore has a parity (even or odd). We prove that in a uniformly random $n\times n$ Latin square, the $n$ row parities are very well approximated by a sequence of $n$…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-09-19 Matthew Kwan , Kalina Petrova , Mehtaab Sawhney

A Latin square of order $n$ is an $n \times n$ array filled with $n$ symbols such that each symbol appears only once in every row or column and a transversal is a collection of cells which do not share the same row, column or symbol. The…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-05-26 Peter Keevash , Alexey Pokrovskiy , Benny Sudakov , Liana Yepremyan

A critical set in an $n \times n$ array is a set $C$ of given entries, such that there exists a unique extension of $C$ to an $n\times n$ Latin square and no proper subset of $C$ has this property. The cardinality of the largest critical…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Hamed Hatami , Ebadollah S. Mahmoodian

We consider the problem of constructing Latin cubes subject to the condition that some symbols may not appear in certain cells. We prove that there is a constant $\gamma > 0$ such that if $n=2^k$ and $A$ is $3$-dimensional $n\times n\times…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-09-10 Carl Johan Casselgren , Klas Markström , Lan Anh Pham

A quantum Latin square of order $n$ (denoted as QLS$(n)$) is an $n\times n$ array whose entries are unit column vectors from the $n$-dimensional Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_n$, such that each row and column forms an orthonormal basis. Two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Ying Zhang , Lijun Ji