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We study the capabilities of the transformer architecture with varying depth. Specifically, we designed a novel set of sequence learning tasks to systematically evaluate and comprehend how the depth of transformer affects its ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Xingwu Chen , Difan Zou

Despite being the current de-facto models in most NLP tasks, transformers are often limited to short sequences due to their quadratic attention complexity on the number of tokens. Several attempts to address this issue were studied, either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Amine Abdaoui , Sourav Dutta

Self-attention in Transformers comes with a high computational cost because of their quadratic computational complexity, but their effectiveness in addressing problems in language and vision has sparked extensive research aimed at enhancing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Tobias Christian Nauen , Sebastian Palacio , Federico Raue , Andreas Dengel

Depth-recurrence facilitates latent reasoning by sharing parameters across depths. However, prior work lacks combined FLOP-, parameter-, and memory-matched baselines, underutilizes depth-recurrence due to partially fixed layer stacks, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jonas Knupp , Jan Hendrik Metzen , Jeremias Bohn , Georg Groh , Kristian Kersting

Attention-based transformers have become the standard architecture in many deep learning fields, primarily due to their ability to model long-range dependencies and handle variable-length input sequences. However, the attention mechanism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Kalle Hilsenbek

In Transformer architectures, tokens\textemdash discrete units derived from raw data\textemdash are formed by segmenting inputs into fixed-length chunks. Each token is then mapped to an embedding, enabling parallel attention computations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhenglun Kong , Yize Li , Fanhu Zeng , Lei Xin , Shvat Messica , Xue Lin , Pu Zhao , Manolis Kellis , Hao Tang , Marinka Zitnik

In the world of deep learning, Transformer models have become very significant, leading to improvements in many areas from understanding language to recognizing images, covering a wide range of applications. Despite their success, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Ghadeer Jaradat , Mohammed Tolba , Ghada Alsuhli , Hani Saleh , Mahmoud Al-Qutayri , Thanos Stouraitis , Baker Mohammad

End-to-end paradigms have demonstrated great potential for autonomous driving. Additionally, most existing methods are built upon Transformer architectures. However, transformers incur a quadratic attention cost, limiting their ability to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Jihao Huang , Xi Xia , Zhiyuan Li , Tianle Liu , Jingke Wang , Junbo Chen , Tengju Ye

In this work, we present a generalized formulation of the Transformer algorithm by reinterpreting its core mechanisms within the framework of Path Integral formalism. In this perspective, the attention mechanism is recast as a process that…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-05-02 Won-Gi Paeng , Daesuk Kwon , Kyungwon Jeong , Honggyo Suh

Learning representations on large-sized graphs is a long-standing challenge due to the inter-dependence nature involved in massive data points. Transformers, as an emerging class of foundation encoders for graph-structured data, have shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Qitian Wu , Wentao Zhao , Chenxiao Yang , Hengrui Zhang , Fan Nie , Haitian Jiang , Yatao Bian , Junchi Yan

Attention-based transformer networks have demonstrated promising potential as their applications extend from natural language processing to vision. However, despite the recent improvements, such as sub-quadratic attention approximation and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Lingchuan Meng

While Transformer architectures have demonstrated impressive scalability across domains, they continue to face challenges in long-context reasoning, computational efficiency, and structural generalization - largely due to rigid layer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Haochen You , Baojing Liu

The quadratic complexity of standard attention mechanisms poses a significant scalability bottleneck for large language models (LLMs) in long-context scenarios. While hybrid attention strategies that combine sparse and full attention within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Zecheng Tang , Quantong Qiu , Yi Yang , Zhiyi Hong , Haiya Xiang , Kebin Liu , Qingqing Dang , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

Sparse attention offers a promising strategy to extend long-context capabilities in Transformer LLMs, yet its efficiency-accuracy trade-offs remain unclear due to the lack of comprehensive evaluation. We address this gap with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Piotr Nawrot , Robert Li , Renjie Huang , Sebastian Ruder , Kelly Marchisio , Edoardo M. Ponti

Transformers use the dense self-attention mechanism which gives a lot of flexibility for long-range connectivity. Over multiple layers of a deep transformer, the number of possible connectivity patterns increases exponentially. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Md Shamim Hussain , Mohammed J. Zaki , Dharmashankar Subramanian

The quadratic computational complexity of standard attention mechanisms presents a severe scalability bottleneck for LLMs in long-context scenarios. While hybrid attention mechanisms combining Full Attention (FA) and Sparse Attention (SA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Quantong Qiu , Zhiyi Hong , Yi Yang , Haitian Wang , Kebin Liu , Qingqing Dang , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

The dot product self-attention is known to be central and indispensable to state-of-the-art Transformer models. But is it really required? This paper investigates the true importance and contribution of the dot product-based self-attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Yi Tay , Dara Bahri , Donald Metzler , Da-Cheng Juan , Zhe Zhao , Che Zheng

Transformers and their attention mechanism have been revolutionary in the field of Machine Learning. While originally proposed for the language data, they quickly found their way to the image, video, graph, etc. data modalities with various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Saeed Amizadeh , Sara Abdali , Yinheng Li , Kazuhito Koishida

Transformer models gain popularity because of their superior inference accuracy and inference throughput. However, the transformer is computation-intensive, causing a long inference time. The existing works on transformer inference…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Yuan Feng , Hyeran Jeon , Filip Blagojevic , Cyril Guyot , Qing Li , Dong Li

The standard content-based attention mechanism typically used in sequence-to-sequence models is computationally expensive as it requires the comparison of large encoder and decoder states at each time step. In this work, we propose an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-04 Denny Britz , Melody Y. Guan , Minh-Thang Luong
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