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We use planar 4-valent graphs and a graphical calculus involving such graphs to construct an invariant for balanced-oriented, knotted 4-valent graphs. Our invariant is an extension of the $sl(n)$ polynomial for classical knots and links. We…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Carmen Caprau , Victoria Wiest

We introduce an infinite family of quiver representation-valued invariants of classical, virtual and surface-knots and links associated to a choice of finite biquandle, commutative unital ring, biquandle module and set of biquandle…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2025-11-04 Yewon Joung , Sam Nelson

In this paper we introduce a new invariant of virtual knots and links that is non-trivial for infinitely many virtuals, but is trivial on classical knots and links. The invariant is initially be expressed in terms of a relative of the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Louis H. Kauffman

In order to study two-sided skew braces, we introduce the notion of weakly trivial skew braces. We give a classification of such skew braces and show that they are essential in the study of two-sided skew braces. As an application, we…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2024-09-09 S. Trappeniers

We introduce virtual tribrackets, an algebraic structure for coloring regions in the planar complement of an oriented virtual knot or link diagram. We use these structures to define counting invariants of virtual knots and links and provide…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2018-12-07 Sam Nelson , Shane Pico

Given any oriented link diagram, one can construct knot invariants using skein relations. Usually such a skein relation contains three or four terms. In this paper, the author introduces several new ways to smooth a crossings, and uses a…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2017-03-20 Zhiqing Yang

We define a type of biquandle which is a generalization of symplectic quandles. We use the extra structure of these bilinear biquandles to define new knot and link invariants and give some examples.

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2008-08-13 Sam Nelson , Jacquelyn L. Rische

In this paper, we introduce biquandle power brackets, an infinite family of invariants of oriented links containing the classical skein invariants and the quandle and biquandle 2-cocycle invariants as special cases. Biquandle power brackets…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2024-01-23 Neslihan Gügümcü , Sam Nelson

The main goal of the present paper is to construct new invariants of knots with additional structure by adding new gradings to the Khovanov complex. The ideas given below work in the case of virtual knots, closed braids and some other cases…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-10-22 Vassily Olegovich Manturov

In [14], the second named author constructed the bracket invariant [.] of virtual knots valued in pictures (linear combinations of virtual knot diagrams with some crossing information omitted), such that for many diagrams K, the following…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2017-01-24 Denis P. Ilyutko , Vassily O. Manturov

We define new invariants of knots by means of quandle colorings and longitudinal information. These invariants can be applied to a tangle embedding problem and recognizing non-classical virtual knots.

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-10-29 Maciej Niebrzydowski

An enhanced trivalent tangle is a trivalent tangle with some of its edges labeled. We use enhanced trivalent tangles and classical knot theory to provide a recipe for constructing invariants for trivalent tangles, and in particular, for…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-06-04 Carmen Caprau

A group-theoretical method, via Wada's representations, is presented to distinguish Kishino's virtual knot from the unknot. Biquandles are constructed for any group using Wada's braid group representations. Cocycle invariants for these…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 J. Scott Carter , Mohamed Elhamdadi , Masahico Saito , Daniel S. Silver , Susan G. Williams

We define invariants of oriented surface-links by enhancing the biquandle counting invariant using \textit{biquandle modules}, algebraic structures defined in terms of biquandle actions on commutative rings analogous to Alexander…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-08-28 Yewon Joung , Sam Nelson

We extend the Yang-Baxter cocycle invariants for virtual knots by augmenting Yang-Baxter 2-cocycles with cocycles from a cohomology theory associated to a virtual biquandle structure. These invariants coincide with the classical Yang-Baxter…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2008-02-22 Jose Ceniceros , Sam Nelson

We generalize the notion of biquandles to psyquandles and use these to define invariants of oriented singular links and pseudolinks. In addition to psyquandle counting invariants, we introduce Alexander psyquandles and corresponding…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2017-10-25 Sam Nelson , Natsumi Oyamaguchi , Radmila Sazdanovic

In this paper, we use skein-theoretic techniques to classify all virtual knot polynomials and trivalent graph invariants with certain smallness conditions. The first half of the paper classifies all virtual knot polynomials giving…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2020-08-11 Joshua R. Edge

We introduce a new family of invariants of oriented classical and virtual knots and links using fares, maps from paths in biquandle-colored diagrams to an abelian coefficient group. We consider the cases of 1-fares and 2-fares, provide…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2026-02-09 Sam Nelson , Stella Shah

We construct two knot invariants. The first knot invariant is a sum constructed using linking numbers. The second is an invariant of flat knots and is a formal sum of flat knots obtained by smoothing pairs of crossings. This invariant can…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2011-09-15 H. A. Dye

In the paper we introduce a general approach how for a given virtual biquandle multi-switch $(S,V)$ on an algebraic system $X$ (from some category) and a given virtual link $L$ construct an algebraic system $X_{S,V}(L)$ (from the same…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2020-01-22 Valeriy Bardakov , Timur Nasybullov