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We study the merit of transfer learning for two sound recognition problems, i.e., audio tagging and sound event detection. Employing feature fusion, we adapt a baseline system utilizing only spectral acoustic inputs to also make use of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-27 Wim Boes , Hugo Van hamme

Significant strides have been made in creating voice identity representations using speech data. However, the same level of progress has not been achieved for singing voices. To bridge this gap, we suggest a framework for training singer…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Bernardo Torres , Stefan Lattner , Gaël Richard

The ability of machine learning models to store input information in hidden layer vector embeddings, analogous to the concept of `memory', is widely employed but not well characterized. We find that language model embeddings typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Benjamin L. Badger

Self-supervised learning (SSL) using masked prediction has made great strides in general-purpose audio representation. This study proposes Masked Modeling Duo (M2D), an improved masked prediction SSL, which learns by predicting…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-10 Daisuke Niizumi , Daiki Takeuchi , Yasunori Ohishi , Noboru Harada , Kunio Kashino

Modeling of music audio semantics has been previously tackled through learning of mappings from audio data to high-level tags or latent unsupervised spaces. The resulting semantic spaces are theoretically limited, either because the chosen…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-12-18 Francisco Raposo , David Martins de Matos , Ricardo Ribeiro , Suhua Tang , Yi Yu

We investigated the adaptation and performance of Masked Autoencoders (MAEs) with Vision Transformer (ViT) architectures for self-supervised representation learning on one-dimensional (1D) ultrasound signals. Although MAEs have demonstrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Immanuel Roßteutscher , Klaus S. Drese , Thorsten Uphues

Audio-Language models jointly learn multimodal text and audio representations that enable Zero-Shot inference. Models rely on the encoders to create powerful representations of the input and generalize to multiple tasks ranging from sounds,…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Benjamin Elizalde , Soham Deshmukh , Huaming Wang

Acoustic word embeddings (AWEs) are vector representations of spoken word segments. AWEs can be learned jointly with embeddings of character sequences, to generate phonetically meaningful embeddings of written words, or acoustically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Yushi Hu , Shane Settle , Karen Livescu

In this paper, we empirically investigate the effect of audio preprocessing on music tagging with deep neural networks. We perform comprehensive experiments involving audio preprocessing using different time-frequency representations,…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Keunwoo Choi , György Fazekas , Kyunghyun Cho , Mark Sandler

Discrete audio representations, termed audio tokens, are broadly categorized into semantic and acoustic tokens, typically generated through unsupervised tokenization of continuous audio representations. However, their applicability to…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Jingguang Tian , Haoqin Sun , Xinhui Hu , Xinkang Xu

Music generation introduces challenging complexities to large language models. Symbolic structures of music often include vertical harmonization as well as horizontal counterpoint, urging various adaptations and enhancements for large-scale…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Seungyeon Rhyu , Kichang Yang , Sungjun Cho , Jaehyeon Kim , Kyogu Lee , Moontae Lee

Music Information Retrieval (MIR) has seen a recent surge in deep learning-based approaches, which often involve encoding symbolic music (i.e., music represented in terms of discrete note events) in an image-like or language like fashion.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-12 Huan Zhang , Emmanouil Karystinaios , Simon Dixon , Gerhard Widmer , Carlos Eduardo Cancino-Chacón

Music performances are representative scenarios for audio-visual modeling. Unlike common scenarios with sparse audio, music performances continuously involve dense audio signals throughout. While existing multimodal learning methods on the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Xingjian Diao , Chunhui Zhang , Tingxuan Wu , Ming Cheng , Zhongyu Ouyang , Weiyi Wu , Jiang Gui

Machine learning techniques have proved useful for classifying and analyzing audio content. However, recent methods typically rely on abstract and high-dimensional representations that are difficult to interpret. Inspired by…

Music emotion recognition is an important task in MIR (Music Information Retrieval) research. Owing to factors like the subjective nature of the task and the variation of emotional cues between musical genres, there are still significant…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Shreyan Chowdhury , Verena Praher , Gerhard Widmer

During music listening, cortical activity encodes both acoustic and expectation-related information. Prior work has shown that ANN representations resemble cortical representations and can serve as supervisory signals for EEG recognition.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Shogo Noguchi , Taketo Akama , Tai Nakamura , Shun Minamikawa , Natalia Polouliakh

In music information retrieval (MIR) research, the use of pretrained foundational audio encoders (FAEs) has recently become a trend. FAEs pretrained on large amounts of music and audio data have been shown to improve performance on MIR…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Keisuke Toyama , Zhi Zhong , Akira Takahashi , Shusuke Takahashi , Yuki Mitsufuji

This paper investigates pre-trained language models to find out which model intrinsically carries the most informative representation for task-oriented dialogue tasks. We approach the problem from two aspects: supervised classifier probe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Chien-Sheng Wu , Caiming Xiong

When convolutional neural networks are used to tackle learning problems based on music or, more generally, time series data, raw one-dimensional data are commonly pre-processed to obtain spectrogram or mel-spectrogram coefficients, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-20 Monika Doerfler , Thomas Grill , Roswitha Bammer , Arthur Flexer

Feature learning and deep learning have drawn great attention in recent years as a way of transforming input data into more effective representations using learning algorithms. Such interest has grown in the area of music information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-10-18 Juhan Nam , Jorge Herrera , Kyogu Lee