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Positive-unlabeled learning (PU learning) in hyperspectral remote sensing imagery (HSI) is aimed at learning a binary classifier from positive and unlabeled data, which has broad prospects in various earth vision applications. However, when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Hengwei Zhao , Xinyu Wang , Jingtao Li , Yanfei Zhong

In binary classification, there are situations where negative (N) data are too diverse to be fully labeled and we often resort to positive-unlabeled (PU) learning in these scenarios. However, collecting a non-representative N set that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Yu-Guan Hsieh , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Pretext Invariant Representation Learning (PIRL) followed by Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) has become a standard paradigm for learning with limited labels. We extend this approach to the Positive Unlabeled (PU) setting, where only a small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Anish Acharya , Li Jing , Bhargav Bhushanam , Dhruv Choudhary , Michael Rabbat , Sujay Sanghavi , Inderjit S Dhillon

Positive-unlabeled (PU) learning aims to train a classifier using the data containing only labeled-positive instances and unlabeled instances. However, existing PU learning methods are generally hard to achieve satisfactory performance on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-03 Xiaoke Wang , Xiaochen Yang , Rui Zhu , Jing-Hao Xue

In PU learning, a binary classifier is trained from positive (P) and unlabeled (U) data without negative (N) data. Although N data is missing, it sometimes outperforms PN learning (i.e., ordinary supervised learning). Hitherto, neither…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-10-31 Gang Niu , Marthinus Christoffel du Plessis , Tomoya Sakai , Yao Ma , Masashi Sugiyama

Positive--Unlabeled (PU) learning considers settings in which only positive and unlabeled data are available, while negatives are missing or left unlabeled. This situation is common in real applications where annotating reliable negatives…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Miao Zhang , Junpeng Li , Changchun Hua , Yana Yang

Learning from positive and unlabeled data or PU learning is the setting where a learner only has access to positive examples and unlabeled data. The assumption is that the unlabeled data can contain both positive and negative examples. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Jessa Bekker , Jesse Davis

Most of the semi-supervised classification methods developed so far use unlabeled data for regularization purposes under particular distributional assumptions such as the cluster assumption. In contrast, recently developed methods of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-19 Tomoya Sakai , Marthinus Christoffel du Plessis , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

From only positive (P) and unlabeled (U) data, a binary classifier could be trained with PU learning, in which the state of the art is unbiased PU learning. However, if its model is very flexible, empirical risks on training data will go…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-07 Ryuichi Kiryo , Gang Niu , Marthinus C. du Plessis , Masashi Sugiyama

Positive Unlabeled (PU) learning is widely used in many applications, where a binary classifier is trained on the datasets consisting of only positive and unlabeled samples. In this paper, we improve PU learning over state-of-the-art from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-22 Liwei Jiang , Dan Li , Qisheng Wang , Shuai Wang , Songtao Wang

PU learning refers to the classification problem in which only part of positive samples are labeled. Existing PU learning methods treat unlabeled samples equally. However, in many real tasks, from common sense or domain knowledge, some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Puning Zhao , Jintao Deng , Xu Cheng

Learning from positive and unlabeled data (PU learning) is a weakly supervised variant of binary classification in which the learner receives labels only for (some) positively labeled instances, while all other examples remain unlabeled.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Farnam Mansouri , Sandra Zilles , Shai Ben-David

When dealing with binary classification of data with only one labeled class data scientists employ two main approaches, namely One-Class (OC) classification and Positive Unlabeled (PU) learning. The former only learns from labeled positive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Farid Bagirov , Dmitry Ivanov , Aleksei Shpilman

We study estimation of a class prior for unlabeled target samples which possibly differs from that of source population. Moreover, it is assumed that the source data is partially observable: only samples from the positive class and from the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-22 Jan Mielniczuk , Wojciech Rejchel , Paweł Teisseyre

Positive and Unlabeled (PU) learning is a type of semi-supervised binary classification where the machine learning algorithm differentiates between a set of positive instances (labeled) and a set of both positive and negative instances…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Praveen Kumar , Christophe G. Lambert

Existing algorithms aiming to learn a binary classifier from positive (P) and unlabeled (U) data generally require estimating the class prior or label noises ahead of building a classification model. However, the estimation and classifier…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Tianyu Li , Chien-Chih Wang , Yukun Ma , Patricia Ortal , Qifang Zhao , Bjorn Stenger , Yu Hirate

This study proposes a novel approach for solving the PU learning problem based on an anomaly-detection strategy. Latent encodings extracted from positive-labeled data are linearly combined to acquire new samples. These new samples are used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Vasileios Sevetlidis , George Pavlidis , Spyridon Mouroutsos , Antonios Gasteratos

Positive-unlabeled learning (PUL) aims at learning a binary classifier from only positive and unlabeled training data. Even though real-world applications often involve imbalanced datasets where the majority of examples belong to one class,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-12 Emilio Dorigatti , Jann Goschenhofer , Benjamin Schubert , Mina Rezaei , Bernd Bischl

We develop a classification algorithm for estimating posterior distributions from positive-unlabeled data, that is robust to noise in the positive labels and effective for high-dimensional data. In recent years, several algorithms have been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-02 Shantanu Jain , Martha White , Predrag Radivojac

In the early history of positive-unlabeled (PU) learning, the sample selection approach, which heuristically selects negative (N) data from U data, was explored extensively. However, this approach was later dominated by the importance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Miao Xu , Bingcong Li , Gang Niu , Bo Han , Masashi Sugiyama