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Accurate prediction of protein-ligand binding affinities is crucial in drug discovery, particularly during hit-to-lead and lead optimization phases, however, limitations in ligand force fields continue to impact prediction accuracy. In this…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-04-04 Francesc Sabanés Zariquiey , Stephen E. Farr , Stefan Doerr , Gianni De Fabritiis

Absolute Binding Free Energy (ABFE) methods are among the most accurate computational techniques for predicting protein-ligand binding affinities, but their utility is limited by the need for many simulations of alchemically modified…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-18 Michael Brocidiacono , Brandon Novy , Rishabh Dey , Konstantin I. Popov , Alexander Tropsha

Absolute binding free energy (ABFE) calculations offer a theoretically rigorous approach for predicting protein--ligand binding affinities without the scaffold constraints of relative binding free energy (RBFE) perturbations. However, broad…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Yu Liu , Ailun Wang , Yu Xia , Zhi Wang , Wen Yan

We introduce the self-Relative Binding Free Energy (self-RBFE) approach to evaluate the intrinsic statistical variance of dual-topology alchemical binding free energy estimators. The self-RBFE is the relative binding free energy between a…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-11-14 Sheenam Khuttan , Emilio Gallicchio

We present an extension of Alchemical Transfer Method (ATM) for the estimation of relative binding free energies of molecular complexes applicable to conventional as well as scaffold-hopping alchemical transformations. The method, named…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-07-13 Solmaz Azimi , Sheenam Khuttan , Joe Z. Wu , Rajat K. Pal , Emilio Gallicchio

This letter gives results on improving protein-ligand binding affinity predictions based on molecular dynamics simulations using machine learning potentials with a hybrid neural network potential and molecular mechanics methodology…

Relative Binding Free Energy (RBFE) calculations are a cornerstone of rational hit-to-lead and lead optimization in modern drug discovery. However, the high computational cost and limited reliability in tackling large or complex molecular…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Narjes Ansari , Félix Aviat , Jérôme Hénin , Jean-Philip Piquemal , Louis Lagardère

Accurately predicting protein-ligand binding free energies (BFEs) remains a central challenge in drug discovery, particularly because the most reliable methods, such as free energy perturbation (FEP), are computationally intensive and…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Farzad Molani , Art E. Cho

Alchemical free energy calculations are a useful tool for predicting free energy differences associated with the transfer of molecules from one environment to another. The hallmark of these methods is the use of "bridging" potential energy…

The Alchemical Transfer Method (ATM) is herein validated against the relative binding free energies of a diverse set of protein-ligand complexes. We employed a streamlined setup workflow, a bespoke force field, and the AToM-OpenMM software…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-08-21 Lieyang Chen , Yujie Wu , Chuanjie Wu , Ana Silveira , Woody Sherman , Huafeng Xu , Emilio Gallicchio

Predicting the binding affinity between small molecules and target macromolecules while combining both speed and accuracy, is a cornerstone of modern computational drug discovery which is critical for accelerating therapeutic development.…

The quality of astrochemical models is highly dependent on reliable binding energy (BE) values that consider the morphological and energetic variety of binding sites on the surface of ice-grain mantles. Here, we present the Binding Energy…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-08-31 Giulia M. Bovolenta , Stefan Vogt-Geisse , Stefano Bovino , Tommaso Grassi

The primary objective of most lead optimization campaigns is to enhance the binding affinity of ligands. For large molecules such as antibodies, identifying mutations that enhance antibody affinity is particularly challenging due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Alexandra Gessner , Sebastian W. Ober , Owen Vickery , Dino Oglić , Talip Uçar

The efficacy of drug treatments depends on how tightly small molecules bind to their target proteins. The rapid and accurate quantification of the strength of these interactions (as measured by binding affinity) is a grand challenge of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Jumana Dakka , Kristof Farkas-Pall , Matteo Turilli , David W Wright , Peter V Coveney , Shantenu Jha

The accurate prediction of protein-ligand binding affinities is crucial for drug discovery. Alchemical free energy calculations have become a popular tool for this purpose. However, the accuracy and reliability of these methods can vary…

Free energy perturbation (FEP) is considered the gold-standard simulation method for estimating small molecule binding affinity, a quantity of vital importance to drug discovery. The accuracy of FEP critically depends on an accurate model…

Protein-ligand binding prediction is a fundamental problem in AI-driven drug discovery. Prior work focused on supervised learning methods using a large set of binding affinity data for small molecules, but it is hard to apply the same…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-14 Wengong Jin , Siranush Sarkizova , Xun Chen , Nir Hacohen , Caroline Uhler

We present a new method that combines alchemical transformation with physical pathway to accurately and efficiently compute the absolute binding free energy of receptor-ligand complex. Currently, the double decoupling method (DDM) and the…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2018-08-29 Nanjie Deng , Lauren Wickstrom , Emilio Gallicchio

Predicting accurate protein-ligand binding affinity is important in drug discovery but remains a challenge even with computationally expensive biophysics-based energy scoring methods and state-of-the-art deep learning approaches. Despite…

We present receptor hopping and receptor swapping free energy estimation protocols based on the Alchemical Transfer Method (ATM) to model the binding selectivity of a set of ligands to two arbitrary receptors. The receptor hopping protocol,…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-08-28 Solmaz Azimi , Emilio Gallicchio
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