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Landauer's principle states that information erasure requires heat dissipation. Landauer's original result focused on equilibrium memories. We here investigate the reset of information stored in a nonequilibrium state of a symmetric…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-06-05 Michael Konopik , Alexander Friedenberger , Nikolai Kiesel , Eric Lutz

Landauer's erasure principle states that the irreversible erasure of a one-bit memory, embedded in a thermal environment, is accompanied with a work input of at least $k_{\text{B}}T\ln2$. Fundamental to that principle is the assumption that…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-01-31 Jan Klaers

Using the operational framework of completely positive, trace preserving operations and thermodynamic fluctuation relations, we derive a lower bound for the heat exchange in a Landauer erasure process on a quantum system. Our bound comes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-11 John Goold , Mauro Paternostro , Kavan Modi

Using a double-well potential as a physical memory, we study with experiments and numerical simulations the energy exchanges during erasure processes, and model quantitatively the cost of fast operation. Within the stochastic thermodynamics…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-02-22 Salambô Dago , Ludovic Bellon

In 1961, R. Landauer proposed the principle that logical irreversibility is associated with physical irreversibility and further theorized that the erasure of information is fundamentally a dissipative process. Landauer posited that a…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2014-11-26 J. Hong , B. Lambson , S. Dhuey , J. Bokor

Nonequilibrium information thermodynamics determines the minimum energy dissipation to reliably erase memory under time-symmetric control protocols. We demonstrate that its bounds are tight and so show that the costs overwhelm those implied…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-04-28 Gregory W. Wimsatt , Alexander B. Boyd , Paul M. Riechers , James P. Crutchfield

An important step to incorporate information in the second law of thermodynamics was done by Landauer, showing that the erasure of information implies an increase in heat. Most attempts to justify Landauer's erasure principle are based on…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-04-04 Xavier Oriols , Hrvoje Nikolić

Landauer's erasure principle states that any irreversible erasure protocol of a single bit memory needs work of at least $k_B T ln2.$ Recent proof of concept experiments has demonstrated that the erasure protocols with work close to the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Harish Doddi , Saurav Talukdar , Murti Salapaka

We present an experiment in which a one-bit memory is constructed, using a system of a single colloidal particle trapped in a modulated double-well potential. We measure the amount of heat dissipated to erase a bit and we establish that in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-09-06 Antoine Bérut , Artyom Petrosyan , Sergio Ciliberto

Erasure of the binary memory, 0 or 1, is an essential step for digital computation involving irreversible logic operations. The erasure of a bit of a classical bit of memory is accompanied by the evolution of a minimum amount of heat set by…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-14 Vipul Rai , Moupriya Das

Landauer's erasure principle is generalized to nondeterministic processes on systems having an arbitrary number of non-symmetrical logical states. The condition that the process is applied in the same way, irrespective of the initial…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-04-03 S. Turgut

Landauer's principle states that the erasure of information must be a dissipative process. In this paper, we carefully analyze the recording and erasure of information on a physical memory. On the one hand, we show that in order to record…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-15 Léo Granger , Holger Kantz

The Landauer principle sets a fundamental thermodynamic constraint on the minimum amount of heat that must be dissipated to erase one logical bit of information through a quasi-statically slow protocol. For finite time information erasure,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-04-28 L. T. Giorgini , R. Eichhorn , M. Das , W. Moon , J. S. Wettlaufer

Landauer's principle states that erasing a bit of information at fixed temperature T costs at least kT ln 2 units of work. Here we investigate erasure at varying temperature, to which Landauer's result does not apply. We formulate bit…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-12-29 Stephen Whitelam

Landauer's principle makes a strong connection between information theory and thermodynamics by stating that erasing a one-bit memory at temperature $T_0$ requires an average energy larger than $W_{LB}=k_BT_0 \ln2$, with $k_B$ Boltzmann's…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-01-12 Salambô Dago , Sergio Ciliberto , Ludovic Bellon

We consider an overdamped nanoparticle in a driven double-well potential as a generic model of an erasable one-bit memory. We study in detail the statistics of the heat dissipated during an erasure process and show that full erasure may be…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2010-04-12 Raoul Dillenschneider , Eric Lutz

Landauer's principle gives a fundamental limit to the thermodynamic cost of erasing information. Its saturation requires a reversible isothermal process, and hence infinite time. We develop a finite-time version of Landauer's principle for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-08 Alberto Rolandi , Martí Perarnau-Llobet

Landauer's Principle states that the energy cost of information processing must exceed the product of the temperature and the change in Shannon entropy of the information-bearing degrees of freedom. However, this lower bound is achievable…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-01-01 A. B. Boyd , A. Patra , C. Jarzynski , J. P. Crutchfield

We measured the energy efficiency of information erasure using silicon DRAM cells capable of counting charges on capacitors at the single-electron level. Our measurements revealed that the efficiency decreased as the erasure error…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-01 Takase Shimizu , Kensaku Chida , Gento Yamahata , Katsuhiko Nishiguchi

According to the Landauer principle, any logically irreversible process accompanies entropy production, which results in heat dissipation in the environment. Erasing of information, one of the primary logically irreversible processes, has a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Pritam Chattopadhyay , Avijit Misra , Tanmoy Pandit , Goutam Paul
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