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Neural synchrony in the brain at rest is usually variable and intermittent, thus intervals of predominantly synchronized activity are interrupted by intervals of desynchronized activity. Prior studies suggested that this temporal structure…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-26 Joel Zirkle , Leonid L Rubchinsky

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are bio-inspired networks that process information conveyed as temporal spikes rather than numeric values. A spiking neuron of an SNN only produces a spike whenever a significant number of spikes occur within…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Mathias Gehrig , Sumit Bam Shrestha , Daniel Mouritzen , Davide Scaramuzza

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) use discrete spike sequences to transmit information, which significantly mimics the information transmission of the brain. Although this binarized form of representation dramatically enhances the energy…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Yi Zeng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), inspired by the brain, are characterized by minimal power consumption and swift inference capabilities on neuromorphic hardware, and have been widely applied to various visual perception tasks. Current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Chengjun Zhang , Yuhao Zhang , Jie Yang , Mohamad Sawan

Due to the point-like nature of neuronal spiking, efficient neural network simulators often employ event-based simulation schemes for synapses. Yet many types of synaptic plasticity rely on the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell as…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-04-05 Jonas Stapmanns , Jan Hahne , Moritz Helias , Matthias Bolten , Markus Diesmann , David Dahmen

Efficient parallel computing has become a pivotal element in advancing artificial intelligence. Yet, the deployment of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) in this domain is hampered by their inherent sequential computational dependency. This…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yang Li , Yinqian Sun , Xiang He , Yiting Dong , Dongcheng Zhao , Yi Zeng

The efficiency of modern machine intelligence depends on high accuracy with minimal computational cost. In spiking neural networks (SNNs), synaptic delays are crucial for encoding temporal structure, yet existing models treat them as fully…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Lennart P. L. Landsmeer , Amirreza Movahedin , Mario Negrello , Said Hamdioui , Christos Strydis

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have emerged as a promising alternative to artificial neural networks (ANNs), offering improved energy efficiency by leveraging sparse and event-driven computation. However, existing hardware implementations…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yuehai Chen , Farhad Merchant

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are biologically plausible models that have been identified as potentially apt for deploying energy-efficient intelligence at the edge, particularly for sequential learning tasks. However, training of SNNs…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Marco Paul E. Apolinario , Kaushik Roy

While surrogate backpropagation proves useful for training deep spiking neural networks (SNNs), incorporating biologically inspired local signals on a large scale remains challenging. This difficulty stems primarily from the high memory…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yuchen Tian , Samuel Tensingh , Jason Eshraghian , Nhan Duy Truong , Omid Kavehei

Spiking neural network (SNN) is a brain-inspired model which has more spatio-temporal information processing capacity and computational energy efficiency. However, with the increasing depth of SNNs, the memory problem caused by the weights…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Changqing Xu , Yijian Pei , Zili Wu , Yi Liu , Yintang Yang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are promising for neuromorphic computing, but high-performing models still rely on dense multilayer architectures with substantial communication and state-storage costs. Inspired by autapses, we propose…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Wuque Cai , Hongze Sun , Quan Tang , Shifeng Mao , Zhenxing Wang , Jiayi He , Duo Chen , Dezhong Yao , Daqing Guo

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), with their event-driven and biologically inspired operation, are well-suited for energy-efficient neuromorphic hardware. Neural coding, critical to SNNs, determines how information is represented via spikes.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Kaiwei Che , Wei Fang , Zhengyu Ma , Yifan Huang , Peng Xue , Li Yuan , Timothée Masquelier , Yonghong Tian

Spiking neural networks (SNNs), inspired by the spiking behavior of biological neurons, provide a unique pathway for capturing the intricacies of temporal data. However, applying SNNs to time-series forecasting is challenging due to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Changze Lv , Yansen Wang , Dongqi Han , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang , Dongsheng Li

We consider a fully-connected network of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons with spike-timing-dependent plasticity. The plasticity is controlled by a parameter representing the expected weight of a synapse between neurons that are firing…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2011-09-23 Chun-Chung Chen , David Jasnow

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are inspired by the sparse and event-driven nature of biological neural processing, and offer the potential for ultra-low-power artificial intelligence. However, realizing their efficiency benefits requires…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ilkin Aliyev , Kama Svoboda , Tosiron Adegbija , Jean-Marc Fellous

Recent years have witnessed Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) gaining attention for their ultra-low energy consumption and high biological plausibility compared with traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Despite their distinguished…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Jiahang Cao , Hanzhong Guo , Ziqing Wang , Deming Zhou , Hao Cheng , Qiang Zhang , Renjing Xu

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) exploit event-driven and addition-only computation to substantially improve efficiency for intelligent computation. A key temporal property of SNNs, elastic inference, allows outputs to emerge progressively,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Kang You , Chen Nie , Lee Jun Yan , Ziling Wei , Cheng Zou , Zekai Xu , Yu Feng , Honglan Jiang , Zhezhi He

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) compute using sparse communication and are attracting increased attention as a more energy-efficient alternative to traditional Artificial Neural Networks~(ANNs). While standard ANNs are stateless, spiking…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Balázs Mészáros , James C. Knight , Thomas Nowotny

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) often suffer from high time complexity $O(T)$ due to the sequential processing of $T$ spikes, making training computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose a novel Fixed-point Parallel Training (FPT)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Wanjin Feng , Xingyu Gao , Wenqian Du , Hailong Shi , Peilin Zhao , Pengcheng Wu , Chunyan Miao