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Dung's abstract argumentation theory is a widely used formalism to model conflicting information and to draw conclusions in such situations. Hereby, the knowledge is represented by so-called argumentation frameworks (AFs) and the reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-04-01 Ringo Baumann , Thomas Linsbichler , Stefan Woltran

The concept of paradeduction is presented in order to justify that we can overlook contradictory information taking into account only what is consistent. Besides that, paradeduction is used to show that there is a way to transform any…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-07-13 Edelcio G. de Souza , Alexandre Costa-Leite , Diogo H. B. Dias

This paper presents a formal approach to explaining change of inference in Quantitative Bipolar Argumentation Frameworks (QBAFs). When drawing conclusions from a QBAF and updating the QBAF to then again draw conclusions (and so on), our…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Timotheus Kampik , Kristijonas Čyras , José Ruiz Alarcón

Argumentation is a central subarea of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for modeling and reasoning about arguments. The semantics of abstract argumentation frameworks (AFs) is given by sets of arguments (extensions) and conditions on the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Johannes Fichte , Nicolas Fröhlich , Markus Hecher , Victor Lagerkvist , Yasir Mahmood , Arne Meier , Jonathan Persson

This paper develops a new approach to computational argumentation that is informed by philosophical and linguistic views. Namely, it takes into account two ideas that have received little attention in the literature on computational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Michael A. Müller , Srdjan Vesic , Bruno Yun

Explanations are inherently contrastive: E happened rather than E' because of C rather than C'. However, these contrasts, or "foils", are rarely mentioned explicitly but have to be inferred in context. Here, we investigate how people select…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Britt Besch , Tobias Gerstenberg

In this research note, we show the relationship between two non-admissible argumentation framework semantics: cogent and weakly admissible semantics. We prove that, while cogent extensions are weakly admissible, the converse is not true.

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Gustavo Bodanza

Visual explanations are logical arguments based on visual features that justify the predictions made by neural networks. Current modes of visual explanations answer questions of the form $`Why \text{ } P?'$. These $Why$ questions operate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Mohit Prabhushankar , Gukyeong Kwon , Dogancan Temel , Ghassan AlRegib

We propose a new definition of actual cause, using structural equations to model counterfactuals. We show that the definition yields a plausible and elegant account of causation that handles well examples which have caused problems for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Joseph Y. Halpern , Judea Pearl

Machine learning plays a role in many deployed decision systems, often in ways that are difficult or impossible to understand by human stakeholders. Explaining, in a human-understandable way, the relationship between the input and output of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Sahil Verma , Varich Boonsanong , Minh Hoang , Keegan E. Hines , John P. Dickerson , Chirag Shah

Counterfactual explanations shed light on the decisions of black-box models by explaining how an input can be altered to obtain a favourable decision from the model (e.g., when a loan application has been rejected). However, as noted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Francesco Leofante , Nico Potyka

In formal argumentation, a distinction can be made between extension-based semantics, where sets of arguments are either (jointly) accepted or not, and ranking-based semantics, where grades of acceptability are assigned to arguments.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Jesse Heyninck , Badran Raddaoui , Christian Straßer

Explainability is increasingly seen as an essential feature of rule-based smart environments. While counterfactual explanations, which describe what could have been done differently to achieve a desired outcome, are a powerful tool in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Anna Trapp , Mersedeh Sadeghi , Andreas Vogelsang

Modelling qualitative uncertainty in formal argumentation is essential both for practical applications and theoretical understanding. Yet, most of the existing works focus on \textit{abstract} models for arguing with uncertainty. Following…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Carlo Proietti , Antonio Yuste-Ginel

Argumentation is an important topic of AI for modelling and reasoning about arguments. In abstract argumentation, we consider directed graphs, so-called argumentation frameworks (AF), that express conflicts between arguments. The semantics…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Johannes K. Fichte , Markus Hecher , Yasir Mahmood , Zhengjun Wang

Argumentation is a non-monotonic process. This reflects the fact that argumentation involves uncertain information, and so new information can cause a change in the conclusions drawn. However, the base logic does not need to be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Anthony Hunter

Due to the increasing use of machine learning in practice it becomes more and more important to be able to explain the prediction and behavior of machine learning models. An instance of explanations are counterfactual explanations which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-19 André Artelt , Barbara Hammer

Model interpretability methods are often used to explain NLP model decisions on tasks such as text classification, where the output space is relatively small. However, when applied to language generation, where the output space often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Kayo Yin , Graham Neubig

Argumentation frameworks, consisting of arguments and an attack relation representing conflicts, are fundamental for formally studying reasoning under conflicting information. We use methods from mathematical logic, specifically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Uri Andrews , Luca San Mauro

Human explanations are often contrastive, meaning that they do not answer the indeterminate "Why?" question, but instead "Why P, rather than Q?". Automatically generating contrastive explanations is challenging because the contrastive event…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Lars Herbold , Mersedeh Sadeghi , Andreas Vogelsang