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Reinforcement learning has recently shown promise in improving retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Despite these advances, its effectiveness in multi-hop question answering (QA) remains limited by two fundamental limitations: (i) global…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jinchang Luo , Mingquan Cheng , Fan Wan , Ni Li , Xiaoling Xia , Shuangshuang Tian , Tingcheng Bian , Haiwei Wang , Haohuan Fu , Yan Tao

Implicit reasoning is the ability of a language model to solve multi-hop reasoning tasks in a single forward pass, without chain of thought. We investigate this capability using GPT2-style language models trained from scratch on controlled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yuekun Yao , Yupei Du , Dawei Zhu , Michael Hahn , Alexander Koller

Open-domain question answering answers a question based on evidence retrieved from a large corpus. State-of-the-art neural approaches require intermediate evidence annotations for training. However, such intermediate annotations are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Chen Zhao , Chenyan Xiong , Jordan Boyd-Graber , Hal Daumé

Multi-relation Question Answering is a challenging task, due to the requirement of elaborated analysis on questions and reasoning over multiple fact triples in knowledge base. In this paper, we present a novel model called Interpretable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-04 Mantong Zhou , Minlie Huang , Xiaoyan Zhu

Answering multi-hop reasoning questions requires retrieving and synthesizing information from diverse sources. Language models (LMs) struggle to perform such reasoning consistently. We propose an approach to pinpoint and rectify multi-hop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Mansi Sakarvadia

Multi-Hop Question Answering (MHQA) is crucial for evaluating the model's capability to integrate information from diverse sources. However, creating extensive and high-quality MHQA datasets is challenging: (i) manual annotation is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhiyu Shen , Jiyuan Liu , Yunhe Pang , Yanghui Rao , Fu Lee Wang , Jianxing Yu

Multihop Question Answering (QA) requires systems to identify and synthesize information from multiple text passages. While most prior retrieval methods assist in identifying relevant passages for QA, further assessing the utility of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Akriti Jain , Aparna Garimella

Post-training is routinely evaluated through aggregate benchmark scores that treat multi-hop reasoning as a single capability -- as if a model that answers more questions correctly must be better at assembling facts. We show that this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zhe Yu , Wenpeng Xing , Yunzhao Wei , Jie Chen , Hongzhi Wang , Xuyang Teng , Meng Han

Multi-hop question answering (QA) is widely used to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of large language models, yet most benchmarks focus on final answer correctness and overlook intermediate reasoning, especially in long multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Biao Xiang , Soyeon Caren Han , Yihao Ding

Multi-hop question answering (QA) requires models to retrieve and reason over multiple pieces of evidence. While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has made progress in this area, existing methods often suffer from two key limitations:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yuelyu Ji , Rui Meng , Zhuochun Li , Daqing He

Existing NLP datasets contain various biases, and models tend to quickly learn those biases, which in turn limits their robustness. Existing approaches to improve robustness against dataset biases mostly focus on changing the training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Nafise Sadat Moosavi , Marcel de Boer , Prasetya Ajie Utama , Iryna Gurevych

This paper proposes a group deliberation oriented multi-agent conversational model to address the limitations of single large language models in complex reasoning tasks. The model adopts a three-level role division architecture consisting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Zheyu Shi , Dong Qiu , Shanlong Yu

Commonsense question answering (QA) research requires machines to answer questions based on commonsense knowledge. However, this research requires expensive labor costs to annotate data as the basis of research, and models that rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Xin Guan , Biwei Cao , Qingqing Gao , Zheng Yin , Bo Liu , Jiuxin Cao

This paper presents a novel framework for reconstructing multi-hop explanations in science Question Answering (QA). While existing approaches for multi-hop reasoning build explanations considering each question in isolation, we propose a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Marco Valentino , Mokanarangan Thayaparan , André Freitas

Fusion-in-decoder (Fid) (Izacard and Grave, 2020) is a generative question answering (QA) model that leverages passage retrieval with a pre-trained transformer and pushed the state of the art on single-hop QA. However, the complexity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Semih Yavuz , Kazuma Hashimoto , Yingbo Zhou , Nitish Shirish Keskar , Caiming Xiong

Multimodal reasoning is a challenging task that requires models to reason across multiple modalities to answer questions. Existing approaches have made progress by incorporating language and visual modalities into a two-stage reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Cheng Tan , Jingxuan Wei , Zhangyang Gao , Linzhuang Sun , Siyuan Li , Ruifeng Guo , Bihui Yu , Stan Z. Li

Building compositional explanations requires models to combine two or more facts that, together, describe why the answer to a question is correct. Typically, these "multi-hop" explanations are evaluated relative to one (or a small number…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Peter Jansen , Kelly Smith , Dan Moreno , Huitzilin Ortiz

Transformer-based models have advanced the field of question answering, but multi-hop reasoning, where answers require combining evidence across multiple passages, remains difficult. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zichen Zhang , Kunlong Zhang , Hongwei Ruan , Yiming Luo

Multi-hop QA (Question Answering) is the task of finding the answer to a question across multiple documents. In recent years, a number of Deep Learning-based approaches have been proposed to tackle this complex task, as well as a few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Yunjie He , Philip John Gorinski , Ieva Staliunaite , Pontus Stenetorp

Recent advancements in long-context modeling have enhanced language models (LMs) for complex tasks across multiple NLP applications. Despite this progress, we find that these models struggle with multi-hop reasoning and exhibit decreased…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Yanyang Li , Shuo Liang , Michael R. Lyu , Liwei Wang
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