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Complex droop control, alternatively known as dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC), stands out for its unique capabilities in synchronization and voltage stabilization among existing control strategies for grid-forming converters.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-23 Roger Domingo-Enrich , Xiuqiang He , Verena Häberle , Florian Dörfler

The increasing integration of renewable energy, particularly offshore wind, introduces significant uncertainty into hybrid AC-HVDC systems due to forecast errors and power fluctuations. Conventional control strategies typically rely on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-30 Hongjin Du , Rahul Rane , Weijie Xia , Pedro P. Vergara , Aleksandra Lekić

The electrical grid is evolving from a network consisting of mostly synchronous machines to a mixture of synchronous machines and inverter-based resources such as wind, solar, and energy storage. This transformation has led to a decrease in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-29 Atinuke Ademola-Idowu , Baosen Zhang

In this paper, we study phase-amplitude multivariable dynamics in converter-based power systems from a complex-frequency perspective. Complex frequency represents the rate of change of voltage amplitude and phase angle by its real and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-03 Xiuqiang He , Verena Häberle , Florian Dörfler

This paper presents a novel framework for collective control of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in active Distribution Networks (DNs). The proposed approach unifies the commonly employed local (i.e., decentralized) voltage and frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-19 Ognjen Stanojev , Yi Guo , Gabriela Hug

This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jose A. Solano-Castellanos , Hassan Haes Alhelou , Ali T. Al- Awami , Mohannad Alkhraijah , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

Transient frequency dips that follow sudden power imbalances --frequency Nadir-- represent a big challenge for frequency stability of low-inertia power systems. Since low inertia is identified as one of the causes for deep frequency Nadir,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-15 Yan Jiang , Eliza Cohn , Petr Vorobev , Enrique Mallada

The virtual synchronous generator technology analogs the characteristics of the synchronous generator via the controller design. It improved the stability of the grid systems which include the new energy. At the same time, according to the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-10 Hai-Peng Ren , Qi Chen , Liang-Liang Zhang , Jie Li

Energy harvesting is an attractive way to power future IoT devices since it can eliminate the need for battery or power cables. However, harvested energy is intrinsically unstable. While FPGAs have been widely adopted in various embedded…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-02-07 Xinyi Zhang , Clay Patterson , Yongpan Liu , Chengmo Yang , Chun Jason Xue , Jingtong Hu

Power systems are shifted from conventional bulk generation toward renewable generation. This trend leads to the frequency security problem due to the decline of system inertia. On the other hand, natural gas-fired units are frequently…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-30 Lun Yang , Yinliang Xu , Jianguo Zhou , Hongbin Sun

Network reconfiguration (NR) has attracted much attention due to its ability to convert conventional distribution networks (DNs) into self-healing grids. This paper proposes a new strategy for real-time voltage regulation (VR) in a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-09 Young-Jin Kim

In this paper, we propose a combined Online Feedback Optimization (OFO) and dynamic estimation approach for a real-time power grid operation under time-varying conditions. A dynamic estimation uses grid measurements to generate the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-17 Miguel Picallo , Dominic Liao-McPherson , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

The integration of various energy resources with wind farms, results in improved market-aware management of wind generation variations. Consequently, the proposed method minimizes the negative impact associated with wind generation…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-27 Ramin Nourollahi , Rasoul Esmaeilzadeh

The mushrooming of distributed energy resources turns end-users from passive price-takers to active market participants. To manage those massive proactive end-users efficiently, virtual power plant (VPP) as an innovative concept emerges. It…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-09-15 Yue Chen , Tongxin Li , Changhong Zhao , Wei Wei

Nowadays, power system inertia is changing as a consequence of replacing conventional units by renewable energy sources, mainly wind and PV power plants. This fact affects significantly the grid frequency response under power imbalances. As…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-06 A. Fernández-Guillamón , A. Vigueras-Rodríguez , A. Molina-García

This study proposes a real-time distributed energy resource (DER) coordination model that can exploit flexibility from the DERs to solve voltage and overloading issues using both active and reactive power. The model considers time-coupling…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-07 Sen Zhan , Johan Morren , Wouter van den Akker , Anne van der Molen , Han Slootweg

This paper presents a distributionally robust model predictive control (DRMPC) framework for the optimal Virtual Power Plant (VPP) operation under electricity price uncertainty. A unified VPP model is formulated that captures the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-15 Nikolas Recke , Mathias Hudoba de Badyn

This paper presents a flexible and modular control scheme based on distributed model predictive control (DMPC) to achieve optimal operation of decentralized energy systems in smart grids. The proposed approach is used to coordinate multiple…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-08-05 Paul Stadler , Araz Ashouri , Francois Marechal

The displacement of synchronous generators by converter-interfaced renewable energy sources obliges wind farms to provide inertia, damping, and voltage support, above all in increasingly weak grid conditions. This paper presents a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-07 Javier Garcia-Aguilar , Aurelio Garcia-Cerrada , Juan L. Zamora , Emilio Bueno , Elena Saiz , Almudena Muñoz-Babiano , Mohammad E. Zarei

This work presents a suite of two optimisation models for the short-term scheduling and redispatch of a virtual power plant (VPP) composed of a wind farm and a Li-ion battery, that participates in the day-ahead energy and secondary…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-29 Daniel Fernández-Muñoz , Juan I. Pérez-Díaz