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Recent Vision Transformer (ViT)-based methods for Image Super-Resolution have demonstrated impressive performance. However, they suffer from significant complexity, resulting in high inference times and memory usage. Additionally, ViT…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Jeongsoo Kim , Jongho Nang , Junsuk Choe

The self-attention mechanism has been a key factor in the advancement of vision Transformers. However, its quadratic complexity imposes a heavy computational burden in high-resolution scenarios, restricting the practical application.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Dongchen Han , Tianyu Li , Ziyi Wang , Gao Huang

Cross-attention is commonly adopted in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) for integrating visual information into the language backbone. However, in applications with large visual inputs, such as video understanding, processing a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Tzu-Tao Chang , Shivaram Venkataraman

The powerful modeling capabilities of all-attention-based transformer architectures often cause overfitting and - for natural language processing tasks - lead to an implicitly learned internal language model in the autoregressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Timo Lohrenz , Björn Möller , Zhengyang Li , Tim Fingscheidt

We argue that neither transformers nor sub-quadratic architectures are well suited to training at long sequence lengths: the cost of processing the context is too expensive in the former, too inexpensive in the latter. Approaches such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Carles Gelada , Jacob Buckman , Sean Zhang , Txus Bach

Transformers face quadratic complexity and memory issues with long sequences, prompting the adoption of linear attention mechanisms using fixed-size hidden states. However, linear models often suffer from limited recall performance, leading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Dustin Wang , Rui-Jie Zhu , Steven Abreu , Yong Shan , Taylor Kergan , Yuqi Pan , Yuhong Chou , Zheng Li , Ge Zhang , Wenhao Huang , Jason Eshraghian

The self-attention mechanism is the key to the success of transformers in recent Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the quadratic computational cost $O(n^2)$ in the input sequence length $n$ is a notorious obstacle for further…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Yingyu Liang , Heshan Liu , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Zhuoyan Xu , Junze Yin

Sparse attention methods exploit the inherent sparsity in attention to speed up the prefilling phase of long-context inference, mitigating the quadratic complexity of full attention computation. While existing sparse attention methods rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Dan Peng , Zhihui Fu , Zewen Ye , Zhuoran Song , Jun Wang

We present Lightning Attention, the first linear attention implementation that maintains a constant training speed for various sequence lengths under fixed memory consumption. Due to the issue with cumulative summation operations (cumsum),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Zhen Qin , Weigao Sun , Dong Li , Xuyang Shen , Weixuan Sun , Yiran Zhong

Transformers are a widespread and successful model architecture, particularly in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Computer Vision (CV). The essential innovation of this architecture is the Attention Mechanism, which solves the problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Bernhard Bermeitinger , Tomas Hrycej , Massimo Pavone , Julianus Kath , Siegfried Handschuh

In this paper, we introduce the prior knowledge, multi-scale structure, into self-attention modules. We propose a Multi-Scale Transformer which uses multi-scale multi-head self-attention to capture features from different scales. Based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Qipeng Guo , Xipeng Qiu , Pengfei Liu , Xiangyang Xue , Zheng Zhang

The original softmax-based attention mechanism (regular attention) in the extremely successful Transformer architecture computes attention between $N$ tokens, each embedded in a $D$-dimensional head, with a time complexity of $O(N^2D)$.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Armin Gerami , Ramani Duraiswami

Effectively processing long contexts is a critical challenge for language models. While standard Transformers are limited by quadratic complexity and poor length extrapolation, alternative architectures like sliding window attention and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jiaqi Leng , Xiang Hu , Junxiong Wang , Jianguo Li , Wei Wu , Yucheng Lu

Recently Transformers have provided state-of-the-art performance in sparse matching, crucial to realize high-performance 3D vision applications. Yet, these Transformers lack efficiency due to the quadratic computational complexity of their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Suwichaya Suwanwimolkul , Satoshi Komorita

Transformer-based acoustic modeling has achieved great suc-cess for both hybrid and sequence-to-sequence speech recogni-tion. However, it requires access to the full sequence, and thecomputational cost grows quadratically with respect to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-19 Chunyang Wu , Yongqiang Wang , Yangyang Shi , Ching-Feng Yeh , Frank Zhang

Sequence parallelism (SP) serves as a prevalent strategy to handle long sequences that exceed the memory limit of a single device. However, for linear sequence modeling methods like linear attention, existing SP approaches do not take…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Weigao Sun , Zhen Qin , Dong Li , Xuyang Shen , Yu Qiao , Yiran Zhong

Efficiently handling long contexts in transformer-based language models with low perplexity is an active area of research. Numerous recent approaches like Linformer, Longformer, Performer, and Structured state space models (SSMs)., have not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Sushant Singh , Ausif Mahmood

Transformer-based models are not efficient in processing long sequences due to the quadratic space and time complexity of the self-attention modules. To address this limitation, Linformer and Informer are proposed to reduce the quadratic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Yifan Chen , Qi Zeng , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Di Jin , Heng Ji , Yun Yang

Transformer is a powerful architecture that achieves superior performance on various sequence learning tasks, including neural machine translation, language understanding, and sequence prediction. At the core of the Transformer is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-13 Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai , Shaojie Bai , Makoto Yamada , Louis-Philippe Morency , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

The quadratic complexity and weak length extrapolation of Transformers limits their ability to scale to long sequences, and while sub-quadratic solutions like linear attention and state space models exist, they empirically underperform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Xuezhe Ma , Xiaomeng Yang , Wenhan Xiong , Beidi Chen , Lili Yu , Hao Zhang , Jonathan May , Luke Zettlemoyer , Omer Levy , Chunting Zhou