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Gaussian Process is a non-parametric prior which can be understood as a distribution on the function space intuitively. It is known that by introducing appropriate prior to the weights of the neural networks, Gaussian Process can be…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-08 Erdong Guo , David Draper

In this paper, we study the quantitative convergence of shallow neural networks trained via gradient descent to their associated Gaussian processes in the infinite-width limit. While previous work has established qualitative convergence…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-06 Eloy Mosig , Andrea Agazzi , Dario Trevisan

A longstanding goal in deep learning research has been to precisely characterize training and generalization. However, the often complex loss landscapes of neural networks have made a theory of learning dynamics elusive. In this work, we…

Contemporary deep neural networks exhibit impressive results on practical problems. These networks generalize well although their inherent capacity may extend significantly beyond the number of training examples. We analyze this behavior in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-09-03 Tamir Hazan , Tommi Jaakkola

There has recently been much work on the "wide limit" of neural networks, where Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) are shown to converge to a Gaussian process (GP) as all hidden layers are sent to infinite width. However, these results do not…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-07 Devanshu Agrawal , Theodore Papamarkou , Jacob Hinkle

Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in the correspondence between infinitely wide networks and Gaussian processes. Despite the effectiveness and elegance of the current neural network Gaussian process theory, to the best of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Shao-Qun Zhang , Fei Wang , Feng-Lei Fan

We consider a large class of shallow neural networks with randomly initialized parameters and rectified linear unit activation functions. We prove that these random neural networks are well-defined non-Gaussian processes. As a by-product,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-13 Rahul Parhi , Pakshal Bohra , Ayoub El Biari , Mehrsa Pourya , Michael Unser

From the classical and influential works of Neal (1996), it is known that the infinite width scaling limit of a Bayesian neural network with one hidden layer is a Gaussian process, when the network weights have bounded prior variance.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-06 Jorge Loría , Anindya Bhadra

In this paper we cast the well-known convolutional neural network in a Gaussian process perspective. In this way we hope to gain additional insights into the performance of convolutional networks, in particular understand under what…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-10 Anastasia Borovykh

The infinitely wide neural network has been proven a useful and manageable mathematical model that enables the understanding of many phenomena appearing in deep learning. One example is the convergence of random deep networks to Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-19 Thiziri Nait-Saada , Alireza Naderi , Jared Tanner

Infinitely wide or deep neural networks (NNs) with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) parameters have been shown to be equivalent to Gaussian processes. Because of the favorable properties of Gaussian processes, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Steven Adams , Andrea Patanè , Morteza Lahijanian , Luca Laurenti

To better understand the theoretical behavior of large neural networks, several works have analyzed the case where a network's width tends to infinity. In this regime, the effect of random initialization and the process of training a neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Florian Juengermann , Maxime Laasri , Marius Merkle

It has long been known that a single-layer fully-connected neural network with an i.i.d. prior over its parameters is equivalent to a Gaussian process (GP), in the limit of infinite network width. This correspondence enables exact Bayesian…

Neural networks with wide layers have attracted significant attention due to their equivalence to Gaussian processes, enabling perfect fitting of training data while maintaining generalization performance, known as benign overfitting.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Tianxiang Gao , Xiaokai Huo , Hailiang Liu , Hongyang Gao

The analytic inference, e.g. predictive distribution being in closed form, may be an appealing benefit for machine learning practitioners when they treat wide neural networks as Gaussian process in Bayesian setting. The realistic widths,…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-08-01 Chi-Ken Lu

This paper studies the infinite-width limit of deep linear neural networks initialized with random parameters. We obtain that, when the number of neurons diverges, the training dynamics converge (in a precise sense) to the dynamics obtained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Lénaïc Chizat , Maria Colombo , Xavier Fernández-Real , Alessio Figalli

We study quantum neural networks made by parametric one-qubit gates and fixed two-qubit gates in the limit of infinite width, where the generated function is the expectation value of the sum of single-qubit observables over all the qubits.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Filippo Girardi , Giacomo De Palma

Large width limits have been a recent focus of deep learning research: modulo computational practicalities, do wider networks outperform narrower ones? Answering this question has been challenging, as conventional networks gain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Geoff Pleiss , John P. Cunningham

Many supervised machine learning methods are naturally cast as optimization problems. For prediction models which are linear in their parameters, this often leads to convex problems for which many mathematical guarantees exist. Models which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Francis Bach , Lenaïc Chizat

We study the Finite-Dimensional Distributions (FDDs) of deep neural networks with randomly initialized weights that have finite-order moments. Specifically, we establish Gaussian approximation bounds in the Wasserstein-$1$ norm between the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-05 Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Nathan Ross