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We demonstrate that a single training trajectory can transform a graph neural network into an unsupervised heuristic for combinatorial optimization. Focusing on the Travelling Salesman Problem, we show that encoding global structural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yimeng Min , Carla P. Gomes

This note explores the applicability of unsupervised machine learning techniques towards hard optimization problems on random inputs. In particular we consider Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) -- a class of neural networks designed to learn…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-08-19 Weichi Yao , Afonso S. Bandeira , Soledad Villar

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a notorious alternative to address learning problems dealing with non-Euclidean datasets. However, although most works assume that the graph is perfectly known, the observed topology is prone to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Victor M. Tenorio , Samuel Rey , Antonio G. Marques

We present a novel neural architecture to solve graph optimization problems where the solution consists of arbitrary node labels, allowing us to solve hard problems like graph coloring. We train our model using reinforcement learning,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Lukas Gianinazzi , Maximilian Fries , Nikoli Dryden , Tal Ben-Nun , Maciej Besta , Torsten Hoefler

In Nature Machine Intelligence 4, 367 (2022), Schuetz et al provide a scheme to employ graph neural networks (GNN) as a heuristic to solve a variety of classical, NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. It describes how the network is…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-01-03 Stefan Boettcher

The multicut problem is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem with diverse applications in fields such as bioinformatics, data mining and computer vision. Graph neural networks have been defined for the multicut problem but can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jannik Irmai , Lucas Fabian Naumann , Bjoern Andres

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) is a generic technique to model various NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems in the form of binary variables. The Hamiltonian function is often used to formulate QUBO problems where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Redwan Ahmed Rizvee , Md. Mosaddek Khan

Branch-and-bound is a typical way to solve combinatorial optimization problems. This paper proposes a graph pointer network model for learning the variable selection policy in the branch-and-bound. We extract the graph features, global…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Rui Wang , Zhiming Zhou , Tao Zhang , Ling Wang , Xin Xu , Xiangke Liao , Kaiwen Li

In VLSI physical design, many algorithms require the solution of difficult combinatorial optimization problems such as max/min-cut, max-flow problems etc. Due to the vast number of elements typically found in this problem domain, these…

Computational Physics · Physics 2019-03-18 Chase Cook , Hengyang Zhao , Takashi Sato , Masayuki Hiromoto , Sheldon X. -D. Tan

Combinatorial optimization (CO) problems arise across a broad spectrum of domains, including medicine, logistics, and manufacturing. While exact solutions are often computationally infeasible, many practical applications require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Arman Mielke , Uwe Bauknecht , Thilo Strauss , Mathias Niepert

Combinatorial Optimization (CO) has been a long-standing challenging research topic featured by its NP-hard nature. Traditionally such problems are approximately solved with heuristic algorithms which are usually fast but may sacrifice the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Runzhong Wang , Zhigang Hua , Gan Liu , Jiayi Zhang , Junchi Yan , Feng Qi , Shuang Yang , Jun Zhou , Xiaokang Yang

Recently, message-passing graph neural networks (MPNNs) have shown potential for solving combinatorial and continuous optimization problems due to their ability to capture variable-constraint interactions. While existing approaches leverage…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Chendi Qian , Christopher Morris

Recent advances in graph neural network architectures and increased computation power have revolutionized the field of combinatorial optimization (CO). Among the proposed models for CO problems, Neural Improvement (NI) models have been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Andoni I. Garmendia , Josu Ceberio , Alexander Mendiburu

We show how graph neural networks can be used to solve the canonical graph coloring problem. We frame graph coloring as a multi-class node classification problem and utilize an unsupervised training strategy based on the statistical physics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Martin J. A. Schuetz , J. Kyle Brubaker , Zhihuai Zhu , Helmut G. Katzgraber

A range of quantum algorithms, especially those leveraging variational parameterization and circuit-based optimization, are being studied as alternatives for solving classically intractable combinatorial optimization problems (COPs).…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Monit Sharma , Hoong Chuin Lau

Many problems in real life can be converted to combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) on graphs, that is to find a best node state configuration or a network structure such that the designed objective function is optimized under some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Jing Liu , Fei Gao , Jiang Zhang

Combinatorial optimization (CO) problems are challenging as the computation time grows exponentially with the input. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) show promise for researchers in solving CO problems. This study investigates the effectiveness…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-12 Chenchuhui Hu

Solving NP-hard/complete combinatorial problems with neural networks is a challenging research area that aims to surpass classical approximate algorithms. The long-term objective is to outperform hand-designed heuristics for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Dobrik Georgiev , Danilo Numeroso , Davide Bacciu , Pietro Liò

Combinatorial optimization (CO) on graphs is a classic topic that has been extensively studied across many scientific and industrial fields. Recently, solving CO problems on graphs through learning methods has attracted great attention.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Ruibin Zeng , Minglong Lei , Lingfeng Niu , Lan Cheng

Combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) on the graph with real-life applications are canonical challenges in Computer Science. The difficulty of finding quality labels for problem instances holds back leveraging supervised learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Mostafa Pashazadeh , Kui Wu