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The bulk power grid is divided into regional grids interconnected with multiple tie-lines for efficient operation. Since interconnected power grids are operated by different control centers, it is a challenging task to realize coordinated…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-07 Siyuan Wang , Cheng Feng , Fengqi You

With a large-scale integration of distributed energy resources (DERs), distribution systems are expected to be capable of providing capacity support for the transmission grid. To effectively harness the collective flexibility from massive…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Xin Chen , Emiliano Dall'Anese , Changhong Zhao , Na Li

In order to maintain security and quality of supply while supporting increased intermittent generation and electrification of heating and transport at the LV grid, the provision of flexibility in the framework of distribution grid operation…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-10 Ankur Majumdar , Omid Alizadeh-Mousavi

As an efficient way to integrate multiple distributed energy resources and the user side, a microgrid is mainly faced with the problems of small-scale volatility, uncertainty, intermittency and demand-side uncertainty of DERs. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Jinsong Sang , Hongbin Sun , Lei Kou

The continuous electrification of the mobility and heating sectors adds much-needed flexibility to the power system. However, flexibility utilization also introduces new challenges to distribution system operators (DSOs), who need…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-07 Nils Müller , Carsten Heinrich , Kai Heussen , Henrik W. Bindner

The increase of generation capacity in the area of responsibility of the distribution system operator (DSO) requires strengthening of coordination between transmission system operator (TSO) and DSO in order to prevent conflicting or…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-18 Johannes Gerster , Marcel Sarstedt , Eric MSP Veith , Sebastian Lehnhoff , Lutz Hofmann

A distribution system can flexibly adjust its substation-level power output by aggregating its local distributed energy resources (DERs). Due to DER and network constraints, characterizing the exact feasible power output region is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-10 Qi Li , Jianzhe Liu , Bai Cui , Wenzhan Song , Jin Ye

This paper investigates the role of flexible connection in accelerating the interconnection of large loads amid rising electricity demand from data centers and electrification. Flexible connection allows new loads to defer or curtail…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Nan Gu , Ge Chen , Junjie Qin

The increasing penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) in the distribution network creates new challenges in the operation of both the transmission and the distribution network. However, the controllability of the converter…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-07 Giorgos Prionistis , Costas Vournas

Distribution grid flexibility is discussed as a possible measure in curative system operation, yielding a need for an efficient and robust coordination mechanism for the joint flexibility provision by individual units to the transmission…

This paper presents a data-driven, distributionally robust chance-constrained optimization method for estimating the real and reactive power controllability of aggregated distributed energy resources (DER). At the DER-level, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-15 Mingzhi Zhang , Xiangqi Zhu , Ning Lu

Renewable energy has attracted significant attention over the last decade, conceivably due to its environmental benefits and the recent drops in the development and deployment cost of the technology. The increase in renewable generation,…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-10-25 Alireza Majzoobi , Amin Khodaei , Shay Bahramirad , Math H J Bollen

The increased flexibility requirement needs a flexibility market at the distribution grid level operated by the distribution system operators (DSOs) to resolve challenges to ensure secure operation and, to integrate new renewable…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-20 Ankur Majumdar , Sotirios Dimitrakopoulos , Omid Alizadeh-Mousavi

Due to more volatile generation, flexibility will become more important in transmission grids. One potential source of this flexibility can be distribution grids. A flexibility request from the transmission grid to a distribution grid then…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-05 Lukas Ortmann , Fabian Böhm , Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Andreas Ulbig , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

Increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) within distribution feeders provides unprecedented flexibility at the distribution-transmission interconnection. To exploit this flexibility and to use the capacity potential of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-16 Bai Cui , Ahmed Zamzam , Andrey Bernstein

This paper presents a method for predictive aggregation of the available flexibility at the residential unit level into a flexibility chart that represents the admissible active and reactive powers, along with the associated flexibility…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-12 Clément Moureau , Thomas Stegen , Mevludin Glavic , Bertrand Cornélusse

The authors provide a comprehensive overview of flexibility characterization along the dimensions of time, spatiality, resource, and risk in power systems. These dimensions are discussed in relation to flexibility assets, products, and…

General Economics · Economics 2021-09-08 Güray Kara , Asgeir Tomasgard , Hossein Farahmand

The increasing penetration of volatile renewables combined with increasing demands poses a challenge to modern power grids. Furthermore, distributed energy resources and flexible devices (electric vehicles, PV generation, ...) are becoming…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-01 Emrah Öztürk , Kevin Kaspar , Timm Faulwasser , Karl Worthmann , Peter Kepplinger , Klaus Rheinberger

The aggregate flexibility region of distributed energy resources (DERs) quantifies the aggregate power shaping capabilities of DERs. It characterizes the distribution network's potential for wholesale market participation and grid service…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-27 Feixiang Zhang , Hongyi Li , Bai Cui , Zhaoyu Wang

The growing integration of distributed renewable generation and the electrification of heating and transportation are rapidly increasing the number of flexible devices within modern distribution grids. Leveraging the aggregated flexibility…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-16 Jan Brändle , Julie Rousseau , Pulkit Nahata , Gabriela Hug