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Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) model the behavior of molecules in a well-mixed system. The emerging field of molecular programming uses CRNs not only as a descriptive tool, but as a programming language for chemical computation.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-09-04 Adam Case , Jack H. Lutz , D. M. Stull

Stochastic evolution of Chemical Reactions Networks (CRNs) over time is usually analysed through solving the Chemical Master Equation (CME) or performing extensive simulations. Analysing stochasticity is often needed, particularly when some…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-09-11 Luca Laurenti , Luca Cardelli , Marta Kwiatkowska

A chemical reaction network (CRN) is composed of reactions that can be seen as interactions among entities called species, which exist within the system. Endowed with kinetics, CRN has a corresponding set of ordinary differential equations…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-04-20 Bryan S. Hernandez , Ralph John L. De la Cruz

Stochastic chemical reaction networks (CRNs) are complex systems which combine the features of concurrent transformation of multiple variables in each elementary reaction event, and nonlinear relations between states and their rates of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2017-12-06 Eric Smith , Supriya Krishnamurthy

Computer algebra methods for analyzing reaction networks often rely on the assumption of mass-action kinetics, which transform the governing ODEs into polynomial systems amenable to techniques such as Gr\"obner basis computation and related…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-19 Richard Golnik , Thomas Gatter , Peter F. Stadler , Nicola Vassena

Molecular circuits capable of autonomous learning could unlock novel applications in fields such as bioengineering and synthetic biology. To this end, existing chemical implementations of neural computing have mainly relied on emulating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Rajiv Teja Nagipogu , John H. Reif

We propose a unified framework that allows for the full mechanistic reconstruction of chemical reaction networks (CRNs) from concentration data. The framework utilizes an integral formulation of the differential equations governing the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Abraham Reyes-Velazquez , Stefan Güttel , Igor Larrosa , Jonas Latz

Chemical kinetics and reaction engineering consists of the phenomenological framework for the disentanglement of reaction mechanisms, optimization of reaction performance and the rational design of chemical processes. Here, we utilize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Gabriel S. Gusmão , Adhika P. Retnanto , Shashwati C. da Cunha , Andrew J. Medford

Analysis of large continuous-time stochastic systems is a computationally intensive task. In this work we focus on population models arising from chemical reaction networks (CRNs), which play a fundamental role in analysis and design of…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Milan Češka , Jan Křetínský

Chemical reaction networks, or CRNs, are known to stably compute semilinear Boolean-valued predicates and functions, provided that all reactions are irreversible. However, this property does not hold for wet-lab implementations, as all…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Ravi Kini , David Doty

The ability to detect whether a species (or dimension) is zero in Chemical Reaction Networks (CRN), Vector Addition Systems, or Petri Nets is known to increase the power of these models -- making them capable of universal computation. While…

We initiate the study of rate-constant-independent computation of Boolean predicates and numerical functions in the continuous model of chemical reaction networks (CRNs), which model the amount of a chemical species as a nonnegative,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Kim Calabrese , David Doty , Mina Latifi

The design and synthesis of complex and large mimicked biochemical networks de novo is an unsolved problem in synthetic biology. To address this limitation without resorting to ad hoc computations and experiments, a predictive mathematical…

Biological Physics · Physics 2015-01-21 Eisuke Chikayama , R. Craig Everroad

Embedding computation in biochemical environments incompatible with traditional electronics is expected to have wide-ranging impact in synthetic biology, medicine, nanofabrication and other fields. Natural biochemical systems are typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Marko Vasic , Cameron Chalk , Austin Luchsinger , Sarfraz Khurshid , David Soloveichik

Chemical Reaction Neural Networks (CRNNs) have emerged as an interpretable machine learning framework for discovering reaction kinetics directly from data, while strictly adhering to the Arrhenius and mass action laws. However, standard…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-05-15 Benjamin C. Koenig , Sili Deng

We present a differentiable formulation of abstract chemical reaction networks (CRNs) that can be trained to solve a variety of computational tasks. Chemical reaction networks are one of the most fundamental computational substrates used by…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2023-02-07 Alexander Mordvintsev , Ettore Randazzo , Eyvind Niklasson

Chemical reaction networks (CRNs) model the behavior of chemical reactions in well-mixed solutions and they can be designed to perform computations. In this tutorial we give an overview of various computational models for CRNs. Moreover, we…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-11-27 Robert Brijder

This paper is concerned with programming adaptive linear neural networks (ALNNs) using chemical reaction networks (CRNs) equipped with mass-action kinetics. Through individually programming the forward propagation and the backpropagation of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-04-14 Yuzhen Fan , Xiaoyu Zhang , Chuanhou Gao

The most fundamental abstraction underlying all modern computers is the Turing Machine, that is if any modern computer can simulate a Turing Machine, an equivalence which is called Turing completeness, it is theoretically possible to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Daniel Gahler , Dean Thomas , Slawomir Lach , Leroy Cronin

Principles of feedback control have been shown to naturally arise in biological systems and successfully applied to build synthetic circuits. In this work we consider Biochemical Reaction Networks (CRNs) as a paradigm for modelling…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Max Whitby , Luca Cardelli , Marta Kwiatkowska , Luca Laurenti , Mirco Tribastone , Max Tschaikowski