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Hamiltonian simulation on quantum computers is strongly constrained by gate counts, motivating techniques to reduce circuit depths. While tensor networks are natural competitors to quantum computers, we instead leverage them to support…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Joe Gibbs , Lukasz Cincio

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a variational method for noisy, intermediate-scale quantum computers to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Quantifying performance bounds with respect to specific problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-30 Phillip C. Lotshaw , Travis S. Humble , Rebekah Herrman , James Ostrowski , George Siopsis

Quantum optimization allows for up to exponential quantum speedups for specific, possibly industrially relevant problems. As the key algorithm in this field, we motivate and discuss the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA),…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Jonas Stein , Maximilian Zorn , Leo Sünkel , Thomas Gabor

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) and its variants exhibit immense potential in tackling combinatorial optimization challenges. However, their practical realization confronts a dilemma: the requisite circuit depth for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-30 Yang Qian , Xinbiao Wang , Yuxuan Du , Yong Luo , Dacheng Tao

QAOA is a quantum algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. It is capable of searching for the minimizing solution vector $x$ of a QUBO problem $x^TQx$. The number of two-qubit CNOT gates in the QAOA circuit scales linearly…

Quantum circuit simulation is paramount to the verification and optimization of quantum algorithms, and considerable research efforts have been made towards efficient simulators. While circuits often contain high-level gates such as oracles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Adam Husted Kjelstrøm , Andreas Pavlogiannis , Jaco van de Pol

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) adopts a hybrid quantum-classical approach to find approximate solutions to variational optimization problems. In fact, it relies on a classical subroutine to optimize the parameters of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-31 Simone Tibaldi , Davide Vodola , Edoardo Tignone , Elisa Ercolessi

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is one of the canonical algorithms designed to find approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems in current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. It is an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Ping Zou

The state vector-based simulation offers a convenient approach to developing and validating quantum algorithms with noise-free results. However, limited by the absence of cache-aware implementations and unpolished circuit optimizations, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-21 Chuan-Chi Wang , Yu-Cheng Lin , Yan-Jie Wang , Chia-Heng Tu , Shih-Hao Hung

While a Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is intended to provide a quantum advantage in finding approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems, noise in the system is a hurdle in exploiting its full potential.…

Despite its popularity, several empirical and theoretical studies suggest that the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has persistent issues in providing a substantial practical advantage. Numerical results for few qubits and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-15 Gereon Koßmann , Lennart Binkowski , Lauritz van Luijk , Timo Ziegler , René Schwonnek

Quantum computers have now surpassed classical simulation limits, yet noise continues to limit their practical utility. As the field shifts from proof-of-principle demonstrations to early deployments, there is no standard method for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-29 J. A. Montanez-Barrera , Kristel Michielsen , David E. Bernal Neira

We propose a new method to extend the size of a quantum computation beyond the number of physical qubits available on a single device. This is accomplished by randomly inserting measure-and-prepare channels to express the output state of a…

Understanding the effects of noise on quantum computations is fundamental to the development of quantum hardware and quantum algorithms. Simulation tools are essential for quantitatively modelling these effects, yet unless artificial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Anthony P. Thompson , Arie Soeteman , Chris Cade , Ido Niesen

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a variational quantum algorithm that can be used to approximately solve combinatorial optimization problems. However, a major limitation of QAOA is that it is a "local" algorithm for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Quinn Langfitt , Reuben Tate , Stephan Eidenbenz

Hardware-efficient circuits employed in Quantum Machine Learning are typically composed of alternating layers of uniformly applied gates. High-speed numerical simulators for such circuits are crucial for advancing research in this field. In…

Quantum computers and simulators may offer significant advantages over their classical counterparts, providing insights into quantum many-body systems and possibly improving performance for solving exponentially hard problems, such as…

We present benchmarks of the parity transformation for the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). We analyse the gate resources required to implement a single QAOA cycle for real-world scenarios. In particular, we consider…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-20 Michael Fellner , Kilian Ender , Roeland ter Hoeven , Wolfgang Lechner

Combinatorial optimization problems on graphs have broad applications in science and engineering. The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a method to solve these problems on a quantum computer by applying multiple rounds of…

The area of quantum circuit simulation has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. However, due to the exponentially increasing computational costs, assessing and validating these models on large datasets poses significant obstacles.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-14 Van Duy Tran , Tuan Hai Vu , Vu Trung Duong Le , Hoai Luan Pham , Yasuhiko Nakashima