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Despite the recent successes of deep learning in natural language processing (NLP), there remains widespread usage of and demand for techniques that do not rely on machine learning. The advantage of these techniques is their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Adam Hare , Yu Chen , Yinan Liu , Zhenming Liu , Christopher G. Brinton

In its general definition, the law of mass action posits that, in systems where multiple elements move randomly, the rate by which they physically interact is proportional to the product of their densities. This law predicts the rate of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-01-08 Jerome J. Lacroix

I start by reviewing some basic properties of random graphs. I then consider the role of random walks in complex networks and show how they may be used to explain why so many long tailed distributions are found in real data sets. The key…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-12-11 T. S. Evans

We model the generation of words with independent unequal probabilities of occurrence of letters. We prove that the probability $p(r)$ of occurrence of words of rank $r$ has a power asymptotics. As distinct from the paper published earlier…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-05-27 V. V. Bochkarev , E. Yu. Lerner

The constituents of a complex system exchange information to function properly. Their signalling dynamics often leads to the appearance of emergent phenomena, such as phase transitions and collective behaviors. While information exchange…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-11-18 Arsham Ghavasieh , Carlo Nicolini , Manlio De Domenico

Acceptance of an innovation can occur through mutliple exposures to individuals who have already accepted it. Presented here is a model to trace the evolution of an innovation in a social network with a preference $\lambda$, amidst…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-08-22 Varsha S. Kulkarni

Gradually Truncated Power law distribution - Citation of scientists Hari M. Gupta, Jose R. Campanha and Bianca A. Ferrari Unesp - Physics Dpto. - Rio Claro Sao Paulo - Brazil Abstract The number of times, a scientist is cited in other…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Hari M. Gupta , Jose R. Campanha , Bianca A. Ferrari

The availability of large datasets requires an improved view on statistical laws in complex systems, such as Zipf's law of word frequencies, the Gutenberg-Richter law of earthquake magnitudes, or scale-free degree distribution in networks.…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2019-04-30 Martin Gerlach , Eduardo G. Altmann

We show how generalized Gibbs-Shannon entropies can provide new insights on the statistical properties of texts. The universal distribution of word frequencies (Zipf's law) implies that the generalized entropies, computed at the word level,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-02-15 Eduardo G. Altmann , Laercio Dias , Martin Gerlach

We describe innovation in terms of a generalized branching process. Each new invention pairs with any existing one to produce a number of offspring, which is Poisson distributed with mean p. Existing inventions die with probability p/\tau…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-05-18 Vishal Sood , Myléne Mathieu , Amer Shreim , Peter Grassberger , Maya Paczuski

A fundamental question related to innovation diffusion is how the social network structure influences the process. Empirical evidence regarding real-world influence networks is very limited. On the other hand, agent-based modeling…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-06-17 Katarzyna Sznajd-Weron , Janusz Szwabinski , Rafal Weron , Tomasz Weron

The Zipf's law establishes that if the words of a (large) text are ordered by decreasing frequency, the frequency versus the rank decreases as a power law with exponent close to $-1$. Previous work has stressed that this pattern arises from…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-04-03 Felipe Urbina , Javier Vera

Zipf's law in its basic incarnation is an empirical probability distribution governing the frequency of usage of words in a language. As Terence Tao recently remarked, it still lacks a convincing and satisfactory mathematical explanation.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-04-30 Yuri I. Manin

A curious observation was made that the rank statistics of scientific citation numbers follows Zipf-Mandelbrot's law. The same pow-like behavior is exhibited by some simple random citation models. The observed regularity indicates not so…

Physics and Society · Physics 2007-05-23 Z. K. Silagadze

Recently we proposed a model in which when a scientist writes a manuscript, he picks up several random papers, cites them and also copies a fraction of their references (cond-mat/0305150). The model was stimulated by our discovery that a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2007-08-28 M. V. Simkin , V. P. Roychowdhury

False rumors are known to have detrimental effects on society. To prevent the spread of false rumors, social media platforms such as Twitter must detect them early. In this work, we develop a novel probabilistic mixture model that…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Christof Naumzik , Stefan Feuerriegel

A set of data with positive values follows a Pareto distribution if the log-log plot of value versus rank is approximately a straight line. A Pareto distribution satisfies Zipf's law if the log-log plot has a slope of -1. Since many types…

Economics · Quantitative Finance 2020-06-04 Ricardo T. Fernholz , Robert Fernholz

Power law scaling is observed in many physical, biological and socio-economical complex systems and is now considered as an important property of these systems. In general, power law exists in the central part of the distribution. It has…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-13 Hari M. Gupta , Jose R. Campanha , Sidney J. Schinaider

We present a hierarchical model of non-homogeneous Poisson processes (NHPP) for information diffusion on online social media, in particular Twitter retweets. The retweets of each original tweet are modelled by a NHPP, for which the…

Applications · Statistics 2019-05-01 Clement Lee , Darren J Wilkinson

Zipf's law is one the most conspicuous empirical facts for cities, however, there is no convincing explanation for the scaling relation between rank and size and its scaling exponent. Based on the idea from general fractals and scaling,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-12-20 Yanguang Chen