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It is becoming increasingly clear that many machine learning classifiers are vulnerable to adversarial examples. In attempting to explain the origin of adversarial examples, previous studies have typically focused on the fact that neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-09 Ekin D. Cubuk , Barret Zoph , Samuel S. Schoenholz , Quoc V. Le

Deep neural network (DNN) is a popular model implemented in many systems to handle complex tasks such as image classification, object recognition, natural language processing etc. Consequently DNN structural vulnerabilities become part of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Juan Shu , Bowei Xi , Charles Kamhoua

Neural networks often operate in the overparameterized regime, in which there are far more parameters than training samples, allowing the training data to be fit perfectly. That is, training the network effectively learns an interpolating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Suzanna Parkinson , Greg Ongie , Rebecca Willett

Adversarial examples are a widely studied phenomenon in machine learning models. While most of the attention has been focused on neural networks, other practical models also suffer from this issue. In this work, we propose an algorithm for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Chawin Sitawarin , Evgenios M. Kornaropoulos , Dawn Song , David Wagner

We propose a method to learn deep ReLU-based classifiers that are provably robust against norm-bounded adversarial perturbations on the training data. For previously unseen examples, the approach is guaranteed to detect all adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Eric Wong , J. Zico Kolter

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which can fool them by adding minuscule perturbations to the input images. The robustness of existing defenses suffers greatly under white-box attack settings, where an adversary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Aamir Mustafa , Salman Khan , Munawar Hayat , Roland Goecke , Jianbing Shen , Ling Shao

We consider the problem of learning an unknown ReLU network with respect to Gaussian inputs and obtain the first nontrivial results for networks of depth more than two. We give an algorithm whose running time is a fixed polynomial in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Sitan Chen , Adam R. Klivans , Raghu Meka

Generating adversarial examples is the art of creating a noise that is added to an input signal of a classifying neural network, and thus changing the network's classification, while keeping the noise as tenuous as possible. While the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Roee Ben-Shlomo , Yevgeniy Men , Ido Imanuel

Deep Learning models are vulnerable to adversarial examples, i.e.\ images obtained via deliberate imperceptible perturbations, such that the model misclassifies them with high confidence. However, class confidence by itself is an incomplete…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-23 Ambrish Rawat , Martin Wistuba , Maria-Irina Nicolae

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are highly susceptible to adversarial examples--subtle, imperceptible perturbations that can lead to incorrect predictions. While detection-based defenses offer a practical alternative to adversarial training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Sanggeon Yun , Ryozo Masukawa , Hyunwoo Oh , Nathaniel D. Bastian , Mohsen Imani

Modern applications of artificial neural networks have yielded remarkable performance gains in a wide range of tasks. However, recent studies have discovered that such modelling strategy is vulnerable to Adversarial Examples, i.e. examples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-24 João Monteiro , Isabela Albuquerque , Zahid Akhtar , Tiago H. Falk

Adversarial examples have attracted significant attention in machine learning, but the reasons for their existence and pervasiveness remain unclear. We demonstrate that adversarial examples can be directly attributed to the presence of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-08-13 Andrew Ilyas , Shibani Santurkar , Dimitris Tsipras , Logan Engstrom , Brandon Tran , Aleksander Madry

Recent advances in mechanistic interpretability suggest that intermediate attention layers encode token-level hypotheses that are iteratively refined toward the final output. In this work, we exploit this property to generate adversarial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Kaustubh Dhole

The great success of convolutional neural networks has caused a massive spread of the use of such models in a large variety of Computer Vision applications. However, these models are vulnerable to certain inputs, the adversarial examples,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Stefanos Pertigkiozoglou , Petros Maragos

We study the approximation of the median of $d$ inputs using ReLU neural networks. We present depth-width tradeoffs under several settings, culminating in a constant-depth, linear-width construction that achieves exponentially small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Abhigyan Dutta , Itay Safran , Paul Valiant

In 2017, Hanin and Sellke showed that the class of arbitrarily deep, real-valued, feed-forward and ReLU-activated networks of width w forms a dense subset of the space of continuous functions on R^n, with respect to the topology of uniform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Joris Dommel , Sven A. Wegner

We prove that two-layer (Leaky)ReLU networks initialized by e.g. the widely used method proposed by He et al. (2015) and trained using gradient descent on a least-squares loss are not universally consistent. Specifically, we describe a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-10 David Holzmüller , Ingo Steinwart

Over the last few years, the phenomenon of adversarial examples --- maliciously constructed inputs that fool trained machine learning models --- has captured the attention of the research community, especially when the adversary is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-31 Nic Ford , Justin Gilmer , Nicolas Carlini , Dogus Cubuk

State-of-art deep neural networks (DNN) are vulnerable to attacks by adversarial examples: a carefully designed small perturbation to the input, that is imperceptible to human, can mislead DNN. To understand the root cause of adversarial…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-29 Xupeng Shi , A. Adam Ding

We solve an open question from Lu et al. (2017), by showing that any target network with inputs in $\mathbb{R}^d$ can be approximated by a width $O(d)$ network (independent of the target network's architecture), whose number of parameters…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Gal Vardi , Gilad Yehudai , Ohad Shamir