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The field of "explainable artificial intelligence" (XAI) seemingly addresses the desire that decisions of machine learning systems should be human-understandable. However, in its current state, XAI itself needs scrutiny. Popular methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Stefan Haufe , Rick Wilming , Benedict Clark , Rustam Zhumagambetov , Ahcène Boubekki , Jörg Martin , Danny Panknin

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to create transparency in modern AI models by offering explanations of the models to human users. There are many ways in which researchers have attempted to evaluate the quality of these XAI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Joe Shymanski , Jacob Brue , Sandip Sen

Explainable AI (XAI) aims to support appropriate human-AI reliance by increasing the interpretability of complex model decisions. Despite the proliferation of proposed methods, there is mixed evidence surrounding the effects of different…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Emma Casolin , Flora D. Salim , Ben Newell

Rapid development of advanced modelling techniques gives an opportunity to develop tools that are more and more accurate. However as usually, everything comes with a price and in this case, the price to pay is to loose interpretability of a…

Researchers in explainable artificial intelligence have developed numerous methods for helping users understand the predictions of complex supervised learning models. By contrast, explaining the $\textit{uncertainty}$ of model outputs has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-01 David S. Watson , Joshua O'Hara , Niek Tax , Richard Mudd , Ido Guy

Reliable explainability is not only a technical goal but also a cornerstone of private AI governance. As AI models enter high-stakes sectors, private actors such as auditors, insurers, certification bodies, and procurement agencies require…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Pratinav Seth , Vinay Kumar Sankarapu

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has re-emerged in response to the development of modern AI and ML systems. These systems are complex and sometimes biased, but they nevertheless make decisions that impact our lives. XAI systems are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Shane T. Mueller , Elizabeth S. Veinott , Robert R. Hoffman , Gary Klein , Lamia Alam , Tauseef Mamun , William J. Clancey

The trustworthiness of Machine Learning (ML) models can be difficult to assess, but is critical in high-risk or ethically sensitive applications. Many models are treated as a `black-box' where the reasoning or criteria for a final decision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Saif Anwar , Nathan Griffiths , Abhir Bhalerao , Thomas Popham

The complex nature of artificial neural networks raises concerns on their reliability, trustworthiness, and fairness in real-world scenarios. The Shapley value -- a solution concept from game theory -- is one of the most popular explanation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Jacopo Teneggi , Beepul Bharti , Yaniv Romano , Jeremias Sulam

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has received widespread interest in recent years, and two of the most popular types of explanations are feature attributions, and counterfactual explanations. These classes of approaches have been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Emanuele Albini , Shubham Sharma , Saumitra Mishra , Danial Dervovic , Daniele Magazzeni

Concerns have arisen regarding the unregulated utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) outputs, potentially leading to various societal issues. While humans routinely validate information, manually inspecting the vast volumes of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Shota Aoki , Takahiro Katagiri , Satoshi Ohshima , Masatoshi Kawai , Toru Nagai , Tetsuya Hoshino

With the ever-growing achievements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the recent boosted enthusiasm in Financial Technology (FinTech), applications such as credit scoring have gained substantial academic interest. Credit scoring helps…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2020-12-08 Lara Marie Demajo , Vince Vella , Alexiei Dingli

The rapid advancement of generative AI has enabled the creation of highly realistic and diverse synthetic images, posing critical challenges for image provenance and misinformation detection. This underscores the urgent need for effective…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Tingshu Mou , Zhipeng Wei , Chao Gong , Jingjing Chen , Xingjun Ma

A multitude of explainability methods and associated fidelity performance metrics have been proposed to help better understand how modern AI systems make decisions. However, much of the current work has remained theoretical -- without much…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Julien Colin , Thomas Fel , Remi Cadene , Thomas Serre

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques hold significant potential for enhancing the causal discovery process, which is crucial for understanding complex systems in areas like healthcare, economics, and artificial intelligence.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jesus Renero , Idoia Ochoa , Roberto Maestre

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated substantial potential across diverse fields, yet understanding its decision-making process, especially in real-world scenarios where rationality and safety are paramount, is an ongoing challenge.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Yu Xiong , Zhipeng Hu , Ye Huang , Runze Wu , Kai Guan , Xingchen Fang , Ji Jiang , Tianze Zhou , Yujing Hu , Haoyu Liu , Tangjie Lyu , Changjie Fan

The increasing complexity of AI systems has led to the growth of the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), which aims to provide explanations and justifications for the outputs of AI algorithms. While there is considerable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Maryam Hashemi , Ali Darejeh , Francisco Cruz

The lack of explainability of a decision from an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based "black box" system/model, despite its superiority in many real-world applications, is a key stumbling block for adopting AI in many high stakes applications…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Sheikh Rabiul Islam , William Eberle , Sheikh Khaled Ghafoor , Mohiuddin Ahmed

Explainable AI (XAI) and interpretable machine learning methods help to build trust in model predictions and derived insights, yet also present a perverse incentive for analysts to manipulate XAI metrics to support pre-specified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Rahul Sharma , Sergey Redyuk , Sumantrak Mukherjee , Andrea Šipka , Eyke Hüllermeier , Sebastian Vollmer , David Selby

Explainable Artificial Intelligence seeks to make the reasoning processes of AI models transparent and interpretable, particularly in complex decision making environments. In the construction industry, where AI based decision support…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Peter E. D. Love , Jane Matthews , Weili Fang , Hadi Mahamivanan