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The dichromatic number of a directed graph is at most 2, if we can 2-color the vertices such that each monochromatic part is acyclic. An oriented graph arises from a graph by orienting its edges in one of the two possible directions. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-02-01 János Barát , Mátyás Czett

The topic of this paper is related to the well-known notion of unit distance graphs. Take a graph with its edges coloured red and blue such that for some $d$ it can be mapped into the plane with all vertices going to distinct points, the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Péter Ágoston

For real projective spaces, (a) the Euclidean immersion dimension, (b) the existence of axial maps, and (c) the topological complexity are known to be three facets of the same problem. But when it comes to embedding dimension, the classical…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2014-10-01 Jesus Gonzalez , Peter Landweber

We show that any planar graph $G=(V,E)$ has a 5-coloring such that one color class contains at most $|V|/6$ vertices. In other words, there exists a partition of $V$ into five independent sets $\{V_1, \cdots, V_5\}$ such that $|V_5| \leq…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-20 Yuta Inoue , Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi , Atsuyuki Miyashita

A cube-like graph is a Cayley graph for the elementary abelian group of order $2^n$. In studies of the chromatic number of cube-like graphs, the $k$th power of the $n$-dimensional hypercube, $Q_n^k$, is frequently considered. This coloring…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-07 Janne I. Kokkala , Patric R. J. Östergård

The chromatic number of a lattice in n-dimensional Euclidean space is defined as the chromatic number of its Voronoi graph. The Voronoi graph is the Cayley graph on the lattice having the strict Voronoi vectors as generators. In this paper…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-16 Frank Vallentin , Stephen Weißbach , Marc Christian Zimmermann

We consider spherical quadrangulations -- spherical embeddings of multigraphs, possibly with loops, so that every face has boundary walk of length 4 -- in which all vertices have degree 3 or 4. Interpreting each degree 4 vertex as a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-01-13 Lowell Abrams , Yosef Berman , Vance Faber , Michael Murphy

The famous Erd\H{o}s distinct distances problem asks the following: how many distinct distances must exist between a set of $n$ points in the plane? There are many generalisations of this question that ask one to consider different spaces…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-13 Sean Dewar , Nora Frankl , Samuel Mansfield , Anthony Nixon , Jonathan Passant , Audie Warren

Felsner introduced a cycle reversal, namely the `flip' reversal, for \alpha-orientations (i.e., each vertex admits a prescribed out-degree) of a graph G embedded on the plane and further proved that the set of all the \alpha-orientations of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-06-06 Weijuan Zhang , Jianguo Qian , Fuji Zhang

We give a series of new lower bounds on the minimum number of vertices required by a graph to contain every graph of a given family as induced subgraph. In particular, we show that this induced-universal graph for $n$-vertex planar graphs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-18 Cyril Gavoille , Amaury Jacques

This paper addresses the problem of determining the maximum number of edges in a unit distance graph (UDG) of $n$ vertices using computer search. An unsolved problem of Paul Erd\H{o}s asks the maximum number of edges $u(n)$ a UDG of $n$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-17 Peter Engel , Owen Hammond-Lee , Yiheng Su , Dániel Varga , Pál Zsámboki

Whitney's theorem states that every 3-connected planar graph is uniquely embeddable on the sphere. On the other hand, it has many inequivalent embeddings on another surface. We shall characterize structures of a $3$-connected $3$-regular…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Kengo Enami

We present a framework for embedding graph structured data into a vector space, taking into account node features and topology of a graph into the optimal transport (OT) problem. Then we propose a novel distance between two graphs, named…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Dai Hai Nguyen , Koji Tsuda

The {\em disjointness graph} $G=G({\cal S})$ of a set of segments ${\cal S}$ in $R^d$, $d\ge 2,$ is a graph whose vertex set is ${\cal S}$ and two vertices are connected by an edge if and only if the corresponding segments are disjoint. We…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-11-12 Janos Pach , Gabor Tardos , Geza Toth

The chromatic number of a directed graph is the minimum number of induced acyclic subdigraphs that cover its vertex set, and accordingly, the chromatic number of a tournament is the minimum number of transitive subtournaments that cover its…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-04-09 Felix Klingelhoefer , Alantha Newman

There are many hard conjectures in graph theory, like Tutte's 5-flow conjecture, and the 5-cycle double cover conjecture, which would be true in general if they would be true for cubic graphs. Since most of them are trivially true for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-02-24 M. A. Fiol , G. Mazzuoccolo , E. Steffen

We consider the problem of counting and of listing topologically inequivalent "planar" {4-valent} maps with a single component and a given number n of vertices. This enables us to count and to tabulate immersions of a circle in a sphere…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-08-19 Robert Coquereaux , Jean-Bernard Zuber

A $2$-distance $k$-coloring of a graph is a proper vertex $k$-coloring where vertices at distance at most 2 cannot share the same color. We prove the existence of a $2$-distance $4$-coloring for planar subcubic graphs with girth at least…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-12 Hoang La , Mickael Montassier

We give a new proof of the fact that every planar graph is 5-choosable, and use it to show that every graph drawn in the plane so that the distance between every pair of crossings is at least 15 is 5-choosable. At the same time we may allow…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-12-16 Zdenek Dvorak , Bernard Lidicky , Bojan Mohar

This work is about graphs arising from Reuleaux polyhedra. Such graphs must necessarily be planar, $3$-connected and strongly self-dual. We study the question of when these conditions are sufficient. If $G$ is any such a graph with…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Luis Montejano , Eric Pauli , Miguel Raggi , Edgardo Roldán-Pensado