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A major focus of recent research in spoken language understanding (SLU) has been on the end-to-end approach where a single model can predict intents directly from speech inputs without intermediate transcripts. However, this approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Sujeong Cha , Wangrui Hou , Hyun Jung , My Phung , Michael Picheny , Hong-Kwang Kuo , Samuel Thomas , Edmilson Morais

In real-time speech recognition applications, the latency is an important issue. We have developed a character-level incremental speech recognition (ISR) system that responds quickly even during the speech, where the hypotheses are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-06-29 Kyuyeon Hwang , Wonyong Sung

To reduce the latency associated with autoretrogressive LLM inference, speculative decoding has emerged as a novel decoding paradigm, where future tokens are drafted and verified in parallel. However, the practical deployment of speculative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Shwetha Somasundaram , Anirudh Phukan , Apoorv Saxena

Pre-trained language models (PrLM) have to carefully manage input units when training on a very large text with a vocabulary consisting of millions of words. Previous works have shown that incorporating span-level information over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Rongzhou Bao , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao

Despite significant progress made in the last decade, deep neural network (DNN) based speech enhancement (SE) still faces the challenge of notable degradation in the quality of recovered speech under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Zhongshu Hou , Tong Lei , Qinwen Hu , Zhanzhong Cao , Ming Tang , Jing Lu

Large-scale pre-trained language models such as BERT have brought significant improvements to NLP applications. However, they are also notorious for being slow in inference, which makes them difficult to deploy in real-time applications. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Ji Xin , Raphael Tang , Jaejun Lee , Yaoliang Yu , Jimmy Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) based on transformers achieve cutting-edge results on a variety of applications. However, their enormous size and processing requirements hinder deployment on constrained resources. To enhance efficiency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Wazib Ansar , Saptarsi Goswami , Amlan Chakrabarti

Present-day Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) systems show great promise towards building intelligent agents surpassing human-level performance. However, the computational complexity associated with the underlying deep neural networks (DNNs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Adarsh Kumar Kosta , Malik Aqeel Anwar , Priyadarshini Panda , Arijit Raychowdhury , Kaushik Roy

Deploying Machine learning (ML) on milliwatt-scale edge devices (tinyML) is gaining popularity due to recent breakthroughs in ML and Internet of Things (IoT). Most tinyML research focuses on model compression techniques that trade accuracy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Nikhil P Ghanathe , Steve Wilton

Previous works on emotion recognition in conversation (ERC) follow a two-step paradigm, which can be summarized as first producing context-independent features via fine-tuning pretrained language models (PLMs) and then analyzing contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Xiangyu Qin , Zhiyu Wu , Jinshi Cui , Tingting Zhang , Yanran Li , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Li Wang

Early-exit neural networks have become popular for reducing inference latency by allowing intermediate predictions when sufficient confidence is achieved. However, standard approaches typically rely on single-model confidence thresholds,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Matteo Gambella , Fabrizio Pittorino , Giuliano Casale , Manuel Roveri

Despite achieving state-of-the-art performance on many NLP tasks, the high energy cost and long inference delay prevent Transformer-based pretrained language models (PLMs) from seeing broader adoption including for edge and mobile…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Canwen Xu , Julian McAuley

For a speech-enhancement algorithm, it is highly desirable to simultaneously improve perceptual quality and recognition rate. Thanks to computational costs and model complexities, it is challenging to train a model that effectively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-19 Rasool Fakoor , Xiaodong He , Ivan Tashev , Shuayb Zarar

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) elicits long chain-of-thought reasoning in large language models (LLMs), but outcome-based rewards lead to coarse-grained advantage estimation. While existing approaches improve RLVR via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Fei Wu , Zhenrong Zhang , Qikai Chang , Jianshu Zhang , Quan Liu , Jun Du

Intermediate-layer predictions in large language models (LLMs) are informative but hard to decode accurately, especially at early layers. Existing lens-style methods typically rely on direct linear readout, which is simple but often drifts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Ming Ma , Bowen Zheng , Zhongqiao Lin , Tianming Yang

Recent Continual Learning (CL) methods have combined pretrained Transformers with prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) technique. We argue that the choice of prompt tuning in prior works was an undefended and unablated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Martin Wistuba , Prabhu Teja Sivaprasad , Lukas Balles , Giovanni Zappella

In Large Language Model (LLM) inference, early-exit refers to stopping computation at an intermediate layer once the prediction is sufficiently confident, thereby reducing latency and cost. However, recent LLMs adopt improved pretraining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Rui Wei , Rui Du , Hanfei Yu , Devesh Tiwari , Jian Li , Zhaozhuo Xu , Hao Wang

DNNs are becoming less and less over-parametrised due to recent advances in efficient model design, through careful hand-crafted or NAS-based methods. Relying on the fact that not all inputs require the same amount of computation to yield a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Stefanos Laskaridis , Alexandros Kouris , Nicholas D. Lane

A method is presented for accelerating inference in transformer language models by exploiting the low effective rank of the token activation manifold at each layer. The method decomposes each activation vector into a subspace component and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Stephen J. Thomas

Recently, Transformer-based language models have demonstrated remarkable performance across many NLP domains. However, the unsupervised pre-training step of these models suffers from unbearable overall computational expenses. Current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Minjia Zhang , Yuxiong He