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Dense retrieval techniques employ pre-trained large language models to build a high-dimensional representation of queries and passages. These representations compute the relevance of a passage w.r.t. to a query using efficient similarity…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Franco Maria Nardini , Cosimo Rulli , Rossano Venturini

Efficiently retrieving a concise set of candidates from a large document corpus remains a pivotal challenge in Information Retrieval (IR). Neural retrieval models, particularly dense retrieval models built with transformers and pretrained…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-01 Haitian Chen , Qingyao Ai , Xiao Wang , Yiqun Liu , Fen Lin , Qin Liu

Despite the advantages of their low-resource settings, traditional sparse retrievers depend on exact matching approaches between high-dimensional bag-of-words (BoW) representations of both the queries and the collection. As a result,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-11 Dahlia Shehata , Negar Arabzadeh , Charles L. A. Clarke

Deep language models learning a hierarchical representation proved to be a powerful tool for natural language processing, text mining and information retrieval. However, representations that perform well for retrieval must capture semantic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Tolgahan Cakaloglu , Xiaowei Xu

Text retrieval is a long-standing research topic on information seeking, where a system is required to return relevant information resources to user's queries in natural language. From classic retrieval methods to learning-based ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Wayne Xin Zhao , Jing Liu , Ruiyang Ren , Ji-Rong Wen

Recent progress in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) is driving fast-paced advances in Information Retrieval (IR), largely owed to fine-tuning deep language models (LMs) for document ranking. While remarkably effective, the ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Omar Khattab , Matei Zaharia

Pre-trained language models like BERT have achieved great success in a wide variety of NLP tasks, while the superior performance comes with high demand in computational resources, which hinders the application in low-latency IR systems. We…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Wenhao Lu , Jian Jiao , Ruofei Zhang

Recently embedding-based retrieval or dense retrieval have shown state of the art results, compared with traditional sparse or bag-of-words based approaches. This paper introduces a model-agnostic doc-level embedding framework through large…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Mingrui Wu , Sheng Cao

Sparse annotation poses persistent challenges to training dense retrieval models; for example, it distorts the training signal when unlabeled relevant documents are used spuriously as negatives in contrastive learning. To alleviate this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-24 George Zerveas , Navid Rekabsaz , Carsten Eickhoff

Neural sentence embedding models for dense retrieval typically rely on binary relevance labels, treating query-document pairs as either relevant or irrelevant. However, real-world relevance often exists on a continuum, and recent advances…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Christos Tsirigotis , Vaibhav Adlakha , Joao Monteiro , Aaron Courville , Perouz Taslakian

Neural information retrieval systems typically use a cascading pipeline, in which a first-stage model retrieves a candidate set of documents and one or more subsequent stages re-rank this set using contextualized language models such as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Antonio Mallia , Omar Khattab , Nicola Tonellotto , Torsten Suel

Large vision-language models (VLMs) enable intuitive visual search using natural language queries. However, improving their performance often requires fine-tuning and scaling to larger model variants. In this work, we propose a mechanism…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Bulat Khaertdinov , Mirela Popa , Nava Tintarev

Query rewriting is a fundamental technique in information retrieval (IR). It typically employs the retrieval result as relevance feedback to refine the query and thereby addresses the vocabulary mismatch between user queries and relevant…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Yiteng Tu , Weihang Su , Yujia Zhou , Yiqun Liu , Fen Lin , Qin Liu , Qingyao Ai

Building effective dense retrieval systems remains difficult when relevance supervision is not available. Recent work has looked to overcome this challenge by using a Large Language Model (LLM) to generate hypothetical documents that can be…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Nour Jedidi , Yung-Sung Chuang , Leslie Shing , James Glass

Dense retrievers compress source documents into (possibly lossy) vector representations, yet there is little analysis of what information is lost versus preserved, and how it affects downstream tasks. We conduct the first analysis of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Seraphina Goldfarb-Tarrant , Pedro Rodriguez , Jane Dwivedi-Yu , Patrick Lewis

Recently, dense passage retrieval has become a mainstream approach to finding relevant information in various natural language processing tasks. A number of studies have been devoted to improving the widely adopted dual-encoder…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Ruiyang Ren , Shangwen Lv , Yingqi Qu , Jing Liu , Wayne Xin Zhao , QiaoQiao She , Hua Wu , Haifeng Wang , Ji-Rong Wen

The Relevance Feedback (RF) process relies on accurate and real-time relevance estimation of feedback documents to improve retrieval performance. Since collecting explicit relevance annotations imposes an extra burden on the user, extensive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Ziyi Ye , Xiaohui Xie , Qingyao Ai , Yiqun Liu , Zhihong Wang , Weihang Su , Min Zhang

Although representational retrieval models based on Transformers have been able to make major advances in the past few years, and despite the widely accepted conventions and best-practices for testing such models, a $\textit{standardized}$…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Nima Sadri

This paper investigates the impact of shallow versus deep relevance judgments on the performance of BERT-based reranking models in neural Information Retrieval. Shallow-judged datasets, characterized by numerous queries each with few…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Gabriel Iturra-Bocaz , Danny Vo , Petra Galuscakova

Passage retrieval and ranking is a key task in open-domain question answering and information retrieval. Current effective approaches mostly rely on pre-trained deep language model-based retrievers and rankers. These methods have been shown…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Shengyao Zhuang , Guido Zuccon