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Underwater quantum key distribution (UQKD) ensures unconditional communication security based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. This study examines the performance of the BB84, SARG04, and the entanglement-based BBM92…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Nour Rizk , Angélique Drémeau , Arnaud Coatanhay

Satellite-based free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) provides a practical framework for achieving secure global communication beyond the limitations of optical fibers. In this work, the quantum bit error rate (QBER) and secure key rate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Muskan , Ramniwas Meena , Subhashish Banerjee

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two users to exchange a provably secure key for cryptographic applications. In prepare-and-measure QKD protocols, the states must be indistinguishable to prevent information leakage to an eavesdropper…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a crucial component for truly secure communication, which enables to analyze leakage of information due to eavesdropper attacks. While impressive progress was made in the field of long-distance…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) based on the laws of quantum physics allows the secure distribution of secret keys over an insecure channel. Unfortunately, imperfect implementations of QKD compromise its information-theoretical security.…

The decoy-state BB84 protocol for quantum key distribution (QKD) is used on Micius, the world's first satellite for quantum communications. The method of decoy states can detect photon-number-splitting eavesdropping and thus enables, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Alexander Miller

The disturbance effect of a depolarizing channel on the security of the quantum key distribution of the four state BB84 protocol with multiple sequentiel intercept and resend attacks of many eavesdroppers, has been studied. The quantum bit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-01 Mustapha Dehmani , Mohamed Errahmani , Hamid Ez-Zahraouy , Abdelilah Benyoussef

While measurement-device-independent (MDI) quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two trusted parties to establish a shared secret key from a distance without needing to trust a central detection node, their quantum sources must be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-04 J. Eli Bourassa , Amita Gnanapandithan , Li Qian , Hoi-Kwong Lo

The security of prepare-and-measure satellite-based quantum key distribution (QKD), under restricted eavesdropping scenarios, is addressed. We particularly consider cases where the eavesdropper, Eve, has limited access to the transmitted…

This paper reports a variant of the three-stage quantum cryptography protocol which can be used in low intensity laser output regimes. The variant, which tracks the intensity of the laser beam at the intermediate stages, makes the task of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-15 Subhash Kak , Yuhua Chen , Pramode Verma

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security by exploiting the principles of quantum mechanics. Among QKD protocols, the BB84 scheme remains the most widely adopted for both theoretical research and practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Jaydeep Rath , Prajwal Panth , P. S. N. Bhaskar

We present a simplified BB84 protocol with only three quantum states and one decoy-state level. We implement this scheme using the polarization degree of freedom at telecom wavelength. Only one pulsed laser is used in order to reduce…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-14 Fadri Grünenfelder , Alberto Boaron , Davide Rusca , Anthony Martin , Hugo Zbinden

In semiquantum key-distribution (Boyer et al.) Alice has the same capability as in BB84 protocol, but Bob can measure and prepare qubits only in $\{|0\rangle, |1\rangle\}$ basis and reflect any other qubit. We study an eavesdropping…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-30 Arpita Maitra , Goutam Paul

Quantum cryptography has attracted much recent attention due to its potential for providing secret communications that cannot be decrypted by any amount of computational effort. This is the first analysis of the secrecy of a practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 G. Gilbert , M. Hamrick

The role of the side channels in the continuous-variable quantum key distribution is studied. It is shown how the information leakage through a side channel from the trusted sender station increases the vulnerability of the protocols to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-11 Ivan Derkach , Vladyslav C. Usenko , Radim Filip

Protocols for processing of quantum information are the foundation of quantum technology, enabling to share secrets at a distance, teleport quantum states, and to implement quantum computation. While many protocols were realized, and even…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-21 Alon Eldan , Ofek Gilon , Asher Lagemi , Elai Fishman Furman , Avi Pe'er

The Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol is the most widely implemented quantum key distribution (QKD) scheme. However, despite enormous theoretical and experimental efforts in the past decades, the security of this protocol with imperfect…

We propose a scheme for quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol with dual-rail displaced photon states. Displaced single photon states carry bit value of code which may be extracted while coherent states carry nothing and they only provide…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Sergey A. Podoshvedov

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables the transmission of information that is secure against general attacks by eavesdroppers. The use of on-demand quantum light sources in QKD protocols is expected to help improve security and maximum…

The first quantum cryptography protocol, proposed by Bennett and Brassard in 1984 (BB84), has been widely studied in the last years. This protocol uses four states (more precisely, two complementary bases) for the encoding of the classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Cyril Branciard , Nicolas Gisin , Barbara Kraus , Valerio Scarani