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Reinforcement learning (RL) has made a lot of advances for solving a single problem in a given environment; but learning policies that generalize to unseen variations of a problem remains challenging. To improve sample efficiency for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Theresa Eimer , André Biedenkapp , Frank Hutter , Marius Lindauer

Achieving robust performance is crucial when applying deep reinforcement learning (RL) in safety critical systems. Some of the state of the art approaches try to address the problem with adversarial agents, but these agents often require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Yeeho Song , Jeff Schneider

Reinforcement learning (RL) has demonstrated strong potential in training large language models (LLMs) capable of complex reasoning for real-world problem solving. More recently, RL has been leveraged to create sophisticated LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Bowen Jin , Jinsung Yoon , Priyanka Kargupta , Sercan O. Arik , Jiawei Han

Large Language Model (LLM) agents show great promise for complex, multi-turn tool-use tasks, but their development is often hampered by the extreme scarcity of high-quality training data. Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on synthetic data leads…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Siyuan Lu , Zechuan Wang , Hongxuan Zhang , Qintong Wu , Leilei Gan , Chenyi Zhuang , Jinjie Gu , Tao Lin

User simulators serve as the critical interactive environment for agent post-training, and an ideal user simulator generalizes across domains and proactively engages in negotiation by challenging or bargaining. However, current methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Feng Zhang , Shijia Li , Chunmao Zhang , Zhanyu Ma , Jun Xu , Jiuchong Gao , Jinghua Hao , Renqing He , Jingwen Xu , Han Liu

Developing autonomous LLM agents capable of making a series of intelligent decisions to solve complex, real-world tasks is a fast-evolving frontier. Like human cognitive development, agents are expected to acquire knowledge and skills…

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is essential for evolving Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous agents capable of long-horizon planning, yet a practical recipe for scaling RL in complex, multi-turn environments remains elusive. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xixi Wu , Qianguo Sun , Ruiyang Zhang , Chao Song , Junlong Wu , Yiyan Qi , Hong Cheng

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents are vulnerable to adversarial disturbances, which can deteriorate task performance or compromise safety specifications. Existing methods either address safety requirements under the assumption of no…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-14 Zeyang Li , Chuxiong Hu , Yunan Wang , Yujie Yang , Shengbo Eben Li

Next-token prediction is the fundamental principle for training large language models (LLMs), and reinforcement learning (RL) further enhances their reasoning performance. As an effective way to model language, image, video, and other…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zuyao Chen , Jinlin Wu , Zhen Lei , Marc Pollefeys , Chang Wen Chen

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been used in a range of simulated real-world tasks, e.g., sensor coordination, traffic light control, and on-demand mobility services. However, real world deployments are rare, as RL struggles with dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Alberto Castagna , Ivana Dusparic

We introduce Procgen Benchmark, a suite of 16 procedurally generated game-like environments designed to benchmark both sample efficiency and generalization in reinforcement learning. We believe that the community will benefit from increased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Karl Cobbe , Christopher Hesse , Jacob Hilton , John Schulman

Advanced agentic intelligence is a prerequisite for deploying Large Language Models in practical, real-world applications. Diverse real-world APIs demand precise, robust function-calling intelligence, which needs agents to develop these…

Reinforcement learning (RL) has proven its worth in a series of artificial domains, and is beginning to show some successes in real-world scenarios. However, much of the research advances in RL are hard to leverage in real-world systems due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Gabriel Dulac-Arnold , Nir Levine , Daniel J. Mankowitz , Jerry Li , Cosmin Paduraru , Sven Gowal , Todd Hester

When Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents are deployed in practice, they might impact their environment and change its dynamics. We propose a new framework to model this phenomenon, where the current environment depends on the deployed policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Ben Rank , Stelios Triantafyllou , Debmalya Mandal , Goran Radanovic

We present Godot Reinforcement Learning (RL) Agents, an open-source interface for developing environments and agents in the Godot Game Engine. The Godot RL Agents interface allows the design, creation and learning of agent behaviors in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Edward Beeching , Jilles Debangoye , Olivier Simonin , Christian Wolf

The objective comparison of Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms is notoriously complex as outcomes and benchmarking of performances of different RL approaches are critically sensitive to environmental design, reward structures, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Sinan Ibrahim , Grégoire Ouerdane , Hadi Salloum , Henni Ouerdane , Stefan Streif , Pavel Osinenko

In recent years, control under urban intersection scenarios becomes an emerging research topic. In such scenarios, the autonomous vehicle confronts complicated situations since it must deal with the interaction with social vehicles timely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Yuqi Liu , Qichao Zhang , Dongbin Zhao

Automated vehicle control using reinforcement learning (RL) has attracted significant attention due to its potential to learn driving policies through environment interaction. However, RL agents often face training challenges in sample…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Zhihao Zhang , Chengyang Peng , Ekim Yurtsever , Keith A. Redmill

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a learning paradigm concerned with learning to control a system so as to maximize an objective over the long term. This approach to learning has received immense interest in recent times and success manifests…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Sanyam Kapoor

Interactive fiction games have emerged as an important application to improve the generalization capabilities of language-based reinforcement learning (RL) agents. Existing environments for interactive fiction games are domain-specific or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Shreyas Basavatia , Keerthiram Murugesan , Shivam Ratnakar
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